Quiz: Ultimate Trivia Test On Geography!

Explanation
All of the above processes can induce metamorphism of rocks. Orogeny refers to the process of mountain building, which can cause intense pressure and heat that leads to the transformation of rocks. Epeirogeny refers to the vertical movement of large areas of the Earth's crust, which can also result in the alteration of rocks. Earthquakes, on the other hand, can generate intense pressure and frictional heating, causing rocks to undergo metamorphism. Finally, plate tectonics is the overarching process that encompasses both orogeny and epeirogeny, as well as other geological phenomena, and is responsible for the movement and interaction of Earth's lithospheric plates, which can lead to metamorphism.

Explanation
The correct answer is 1,2. Orogeny refers to the process of mountain building, while epeirogeny is the process of continent building. Both terms accurately describe the geological processes involved in the formation of mountains and continents.

Explanation
Exogenic processes are external processes that shape the Earth's surface. The energy for these processes is derived from two sources. Firstly, the Sun provides energy through solar radiation, which drives weathering, erosion, and transportation of materials. Secondly, the gradient on the Earth's surface, which refers to the slope or incline, also contributes energy to exogenic processes. This gradient energy is responsible for the movement of water, wind, and ice, which further shape the Earth's surface. Therefore, both the Sun and the gradient on the Earth's surface provide the necessary energy for exogenic processes.

Explanation
Groundwater, though below the earth's surface, can still shape the landforms through various processes such as dissolution, erosion, and deposition. It can dissolve rocks and minerals, leading to the formation of caves and sinkholes. It can also erode and transport sediment, contributing to the formation of valleys and canyons. Therefore, groundwater can be considered as a geomorphic agent. Weathering, on the other hand, is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller fragments, which is a precursor to erosion. Erosion occurs after weathering, when the weathered material is transported and deposited by agents such as water, wind, or ice. Therefore, weathering is indeed a precursor to erosion.

Explanation
Glaciers are more effective as agents of erosion than wind due to their large size and mass. The sheer weight and force of glaciers allow them to carve out valleys, create U-shaped valleys, and transport large amounts of sediment. On the other hand, wind erosion is limited by its relatively low mass and cannot move large particles or shape the landscape to the same extent as glaciers. The work of groundwater, on the other hand, is determined by the lithological character of the region. Different types of rocks and soil have different permeability, which affects the ability of groundwater to flow and erode the surrounding materials.

Explanation
The correct answer is "All". This means that all of the statements 1, 2, and 3 are true. Statement 1 states that salts of sodium, magnesium, potassium, and barium do not expand with temperature. Statement 2 claims that salt crystallisation is the least effective of all salt-weathering processes. Statement 3 suggests that chalk breaks down most readily due to salt crystal growth. Since all three statements are true, the correct answer is "All".

Explanation
The given correct answer states that endogenic forces are mainly land building forces. This means that endogenic forces, which include processes like volcanic activity and tectonic plate movements, contribute to the creation and formation of landforms. These forces cause the uplift of land, the creation of mountains, and the formation of new land through volcanic eruptions. Therefore, the statement that endogenic forces are mainly land building forces is true.

Explanation
The given correct answer states that volcanic and plutonic rocks are two types of igneous rocks. This is true because igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of magma or lava, and volcanic rocks are formed from lava that cools and solidifies on the earth's surface, while plutonic rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies beneath the earth's surface. Therefore, both volcanic and plutonic rocks are indeed types of igneous rocks.

Explanation
The given statements describe batholiths. Batholiths are large masses of intrusive igneous rock that form deep beneath the Earth's surface. They are cooled portions of magma chambers and can assume depths of several kilometers. They appear on the surface after denudation, which is the process of erosion that removes overlying rocks. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.

Explanation
During a volcanic eruption, various gases are released in elemental or compound form. Sulphur is released as sulphur dioxide (SO2) or hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Nitrogen is released as nitrogen gas (N2). Chlorine is released as hydrogen chloride (HCl) or chlorine gas (Cl2). Argon is released as argon gas (Ar). Hydrogen is released as hydrogen gas (H2). Therefore, all of the gases listed in the options (sulphur, nitrogen, chlorine, argon, and hydrogen) can come out in elemental or compound form during a volcanic eruption.

Explanation
The correct answer is 2,3. This means that both option 2 and option 3 are true. Option 2 states that oxygen first came to the oceans and then to the atmosphere. Option 3 states that gases were outpoured from the interior of the earth through degassing. Therefore, according to the given answer, oxygen first entered the oceans and then later entered the atmosphere through degassing from the earth's interior.

Explanation
The given answer states that both statements 1 and 2 are true. According to the explanation, Earth's atmosphere evolved in three stages, which include the loss of the primordial atmosphere, degassing, and photosynthesis. Additionally, the primordial atmosphere was stripped off by solar winds. Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation
The given correct answer is "None". This means that neither statement 1 nor statement 2 is true. According to Sir George Darwin, the moon was not formed by a "Great impact". Additionally, inner planets, also known as terrestrial planets, are actually smaller than outer planets, which are called jovian planets. Therefore, both statements are false.

Explanation
The structural difference between terrestrial and jovian planets can be attributed to multiple reasons. Firstly, terrestrial planets are closer to the sun, which means that the gases could not condense due to the higher temperatures. Secondly, solar winds near terrestrial planets stripped off gas and dust, while jovian planets were not affected in the same way. Lastly, the smaller size and lower gravity of terrestrial planets made it difficult for them to hold onto escaping gases. These factors combined contribute to the structural differences observed between terrestrial and jovian planets.

Explanation
The first statement is true because Edwin Hubble did propose the big bang theory in 1920. The third statement is also true because there was a rapid expansion within a fraction of a second after the big bang. However, the second statement is false because while the distance between galaxies is increasing, it is not because the galaxies themselves are expanding. Rather, it is due to the expansion of space itself.

Explanation
The second statement is true. A nebula is indeed a large cloud, primarily composed of hydrogen gas, that serves as a birthplace for the formation of stars. However, the first statement is false. Light year is a unit of measurement used to measure distance, specifically the distance that light travels in one year. It is not used to measure time. Therefore, only statement 2 is true.

Explanation
The correct answers are 1 and 3. The first statement is true because water in the atmosphere can vary from 1-4% by volume of the atmosphere. The third statement is also true because absolute humidity represents the actual amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and is measured in grams per cubic meter.

Explanation
The correct answer is 1. The explanation for this is that the statement in option 1 is true. It states that the Eurasian plate and Indian plate were separated by the Tibetan block and Tethys sea in the past. This is supported by geological evidence and the theory of plate tectonics. Option 2, on the other hand, is not true as the Himalayas are still actively growing due to the ongoing collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.

Explanation
The given answer states that all three statements are true. The first statement confirms that Rakinyoma mountain is indeed located in Myanmar. The second statement states that Kirthar mountain in Pakistan is the western margin of the Indian plate. Lastly, the third statement describes the boundaries of the Indian plate, mentioning that it is flanked by spreading sites on three sides and experiences continental convergence in the north. Therefore, all three statements are true.

Explanation
Seamounts are underwater mountains that are formed by volcanic activity. This means that they are indeed volcanic in origin, supporting the statement made in option 1. Submarine canyons, on the other hand, are deep, steep-sided valleys that are found on the ocean floor. While they are commonly associated with continental slopes, they can also extend across the continental shelf. Therefore, it is true that submarine canyons can cut both the continental slope and the continental shelf, as mentioned in option 3.

Explanation
The correct answer is 2,3,4. This means that the extension of the Hawaiian island is correctly matched with a seamount, the Grand Canyon is correctly matched with the Colorado River, and the Hudson Canyon is correctly matched with a submarine canyon.

Explanation
The given answer states that all of the statements are true. The first statement is supported by the fact that rainfall decreases from the equator to the poles due to the decreasing temperature and moisture content in the air as it moves away from the warm equatorial regions. The second statement is also true as the temperature of surface water in oceans decreases from the equator to the poles due to the difference in solar radiation received at different latitudes. The third statement suggests that the longitudinal variation in temperature is independent of land and sea breeze, which is true as land and sea breezes are local phenomena and do not have a significant impact on longitudinal temperature variations. The fourth statement is true as enclosed seas in lower latitudes tend to have higher temperatures than open seas due to their smaller size and limited exchange of water with the open ocean.

Explanation
The Labrador current is a cold current, while the Gulf stream is a warm current. The Labrador current is located off the north-eastern coast of North America, while the Gulf stream is located off the eastern coast of North America. Therefore, all of the options listed are correctly matched.

Explanation
The correct answer is 1,3. This is because the statement in option 1 states that there is a rapid decline in temperature in the thermocline region in oceans, which is true. Option 3 states that 90% of the total volume of water is below the thermocline region, which is also true. Therefore, options 1 and 3 are both true.

Explanation
The correct answer is 1,2.


1. Low salinity water sits above high salinity water leading to stratification of salinity. This is true because when low salinity water sits above high salinity water, it creates a density difference, causing the water to stratify based on salinity levels.
2. Salinity of surface increases due to freezing. This is also true because when water freezes, the salt is left behind, resulting in an increase in salinity at the surface.
3. Salinity at the surface is independent of freezing. This statement is not true because freezing does affect the salinity at the surface, as explained in statement 2.

Explanation
The correct answer is "3 only" because statement 3 is true, as biodiversity is indeed in constant evolution. However, statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. Statement 1 is false because the biosphere includes both living and non-living components of the Earth. Statement 2 is also false because micro-organisms are indeed included in the biosphere. Statement 4 is not mentioned in the question, so it cannot be evaluated.