1.
When stress causes rocks to break: vibrations called _____________________ are produced.
Correct Answer
A. Earthquakes
Explanation
When stress causes rocks to break, the release of energy generates vibrations called earthquakes. These vibrations propagate through the Earth's crust, causing the ground to shake. Earthquakes are a result of the movement of tectonic plates or volcanic activity, and they can vary in magnitude and intensity.
2.
When tension forces pull rock apart a ________________ occurs.
Correct Answer
B. Normal Fault
Explanation
When tension forces pull rock apart, a normal fault occurs. In this type of fault, the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall. This happens when the crust is being stretched or extended, causing the rocks to break and slide along the fault plane. The movement is caused by the force of gravity pulling the hanging wall down. This type of fault is commonly found in areas where there is tectonic stretching or rifting, such as divergent plate boundaries.
3.
_______________________ waves cause particles in rocks to move at right angles to the direction of the waves.
Correct Answer
C. Secondary Waves
Explanation
Secondary waves, also known as shear waves, cause particles in rocks to move at right angles to the direction of the waves. These waves are slower than primary waves and can only travel through solids. They are responsible for the side-to-side motion felt during an earthquake and are the second waves to arrive at a seismograph station, hence the name "secondary waves".
4.
The ___________ of an earthquake is the point of Earth's surface above the focus.
Correct Answer
B. Epicenter
Explanation
The epicenter of an earthquake refers to the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus, which is the actual location where the earthquake originates underground. When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves radiate outwards from the focus and reach the surface at the epicenter. The epicenter is often used to determine the location and magnitude of an earthquake, as it is the point where the shaking and damage are usually the strongest.
5.
The measure of energy released by an earthquake is the earthquake's ________________________
Correct Answer
A. Magnitude
Explanation
The measure of energy released by an earthquake is known as its magnitude. Magnitude is a quantitative measure of the earthquake's strength, which is determined by the amplitude of seismic waves recorded on seismographs. It provides information about the size and severity of the earthquake, allowing scientists to compare and classify different earthquakes based on their energy release. This measurement is crucial for assessing the potential impact and damage caused by an earthquake.
6.
At a _____________________, the rocks above the fault surface are forced up and over the rocks below the fault surface.
Correct Answer
A. Reverse Fault
Explanation
A reverse fault occurs when the rocks above the fault surface are pushed up and over the rocks below the fault surface. This type of fault is caused by compressional forces, where the crust is being squeezed together. As a result, the hanging wall (the rocks above the fault) moves upward relative to the footwall (the rocks below the fault). This can lead to the formation of mountains or elevated landforms.
7.
The _____________________ of an earthquake is the point in the Earth's interior where energy is released.
Correct Answer
C. Focus
Explanation
The focus of an earthquake refers to the point within the Earth's interior where the energy is released. It is the exact location where the seismic waves originate and spread outward, causing the ground to shake. The focus is usually located beneath the Earth's surface, and its depth can vary depending on the type and magnitude of the earthquake. The epicenter, on the other hand, refers to the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. The fault and strike-slip are not directly related to the release of energy in an earthquake.
8.
By studying seismic wave information, a sceintist discovered that boundary between Earth's crust and its upper mantle, which is call the ______________.
Correct Answer
A. Moho
Explanation
The correct answer is Moho. The Moho is the boundary between Earth's crust and its upper mantle. It was named after the Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić, who discovered it in 1909. The Moho is characterized by a significant increase in seismic wave velocity, indicating a change in composition and density between the crust and mantle. This discovery revolutionized our understanding of the Earth's structure and provided valuable insights into the dynamics of tectonic plates.
9.
A ___________________ is a siesmic seawave that can cause great devestation.
Correct Answer
D. Tsunami
Explanation
A tsunami is a seismic sea wave that can cause great devastation. Tsunamis are typically caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, resulting in the displacement of large amounts of water. These waves can travel across the ocean at high speeds and can reach coastal areas with tremendous force, causing widespread destruction. Tsunamis have the potential to cause loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and severe economic impact in affected regions.
10.
Most destruction is caused by __________________ waves
Correct Answer
B. Surface Waves
Explanation
Surface waves are the correct answer because they are responsible for causing most destruction during an earthquake. Unlike P-waves and S-waves, which travel through the Earth's interior, surface waves travel along the Earth's surface. These waves produce the most intense shaking and can cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. Surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves, and their destructive nature is due to their horizontal and vertical motion, which can lead to ground rupture and the collapse of structures.
11.
An instrument called a _____________________ is used to record seismic waves
Correct Answer
A. Seismograph
Explanation
A seismograph is an instrument used to record seismic waves. It consists of a sensitive recording device called a seismometer, which detects and measures the vibrations caused by earthquakes or other seismic events. The seismometer records these vibrations on a graph called a seismogram, which provides valuable information about the magnitude, duration, and frequency of the seismic waves.
12.
A fault between two plates that are moving sideways past each other is called a _______________ fault
Correct Answer
D. Strike-slip
Explanation
A fault between two plates that are moving sideways past each other is called a strike-slip fault. In this type of fault, the rocks on either side of the fault move horizontally in opposite directions, causing a shearing motion. This can result in earthquakes and the formation of features such as fault lines and offset streams. The San Andreas Fault in California is a well-known example of a strike-slip fault.
13.
________________ waves cause particles to move back and forth in the same direction as the wave travels
Correct Answer
D. Primary
Explanation
Primary waves, also known as P-waves, are a type of seismic waves that cause particles to move back and forth in the same direction as the wave travels. These waves are the fastest seismic waves and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. They are the first waves to be detected during an earthquake and are responsible for the initial shaking felt. Primary waves are characterized by their compressional motion, where particles are pushed together and pulled apart in the direction of the wave propagation.
14.
Earthquakes generate energy waves called ____________________.
Correct Answer
A. Seismic Waves
Explanation
Earthquakes generate energy waves called seismic waves. Seismic waves are the vibrations that travel through the Earth's layers, causing the ground to shake during an earthquake. These waves are responsible for the damage and destruction caused by earthquakes and can be classified into two main types: body waves and surface waves. Body waves include P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves), which travel through the Earth's interior. Surface waves, on the other hand, travel along the Earth's surface and are responsible for the most destructive effects of an earthquake.
15.
Once the elastic limit of rocks is passed, they break and move along surfaces called _______________.
Correct Answer
A. Faults
Explanation
When rocks are subjected to stress beyond their elastic limit, they break and move along surfaces known as faults. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where rocks on either side have moved relative to each other. Earthquakes often occur along faults when the accumulated stress is released suddenly, causing the rocks to slip and generate seismic waves. Strains and stresses are related to the deformation of rocks under pressure, but faults specifically refer to the fractures and movement that occur when rocks exceed their elastic limit.
16.
Most earchquakes happen ____________.
Correct Answer
D. All the answers provided are correct
Explanation
All the answers provided are correct because earthquakes can happen without warning, in areas where earthquakes have occurred in the past, and along plate boundaries. Earthquakes can occur suddenly and unexpectedly, causing significant damage and loss of life. Areas that have experienced earthquakes in the past are more likely to experience them again due to the geological activity in those regions. Plate boundaries, where tectonic plates interact and collide, are also common locations for earthquakes to occur. Therefore, all the given answers accurately describe different scenarios in which earthquakes can happen.
17.
A person twice as far from the epicenter of an earthquake as another person will notice that the time between the arrival of the primary and secondary waves will be ________________.
Correct Answer
B. Larger
Explanation
The correct answer is "Larger." When an earthquake occurs, primary waves (P-waves) and secondary waves (S-waves) are generated and travel through the Earth. P-waves are faster and arrive at a location before S-waves. However, as distance increases from the epicenter, the time gap between the arrival of P-waves and S-waves also increases. Since the person is twice as far from the epicenter as the other person, they will notice a larger time difference between the arrival of P-waves and S-waves compared to the other person.
18.
Scientists discovered changes in Earth's interior by studying___________.
Correct Answer
C. Changes in seismic waves
Explanation
Scientists discovered changes in Earth's interior by studying changes in seismic waves. Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and they can provide valuable information about the composition, structure, and movement of the Earth's interior. By analyzing how seismic waves behave and change as they pass through different materials, scientists can gain insights into the properties and dynamics of the Earth's interior, including the presence of different layers, the movement of tectonic plates, and the occurrence of earthquakes.
19.
____________ is the force that squeezes rocks together.
Correct Answer
D. Compression
Explanation
Compression is the force that squeezes rocks together. When a force is applied to rocks in opposite directions, it causes them to be compressed, resulting in a decrease in volume and an increase in density. This force is responsible for the formation of mountains, as the rocks are pushed together and folded. Compression is also a common geological process that leads to the formation of faults and earthquakes.
20.
____________ is the force that pulls rocks apart.
Correct Answer
A. Tension
Explanation
Tension is the force that pulls rocks apart. When a rock is subjected to tension, it experiences a stretching force that causes it to elongate or break apart. This force occurs when two forces act in opposite directions along the same line, pulling the rock in opposite directions. Tension is commonly observed in situations such as when a rope is pulled from both ends or when a rubber band is stretched. In the context of rocks, tension can lead to the formation of faults or fractures, allowing rocks to separate and create gaps or spaces.
21.
____________ is the force that causes plates to move sideways past each other.
Correct Answer
B. Shear
Explanation
Shear is the force that causes plates to move sideways past each other. When two plates are in contact, they can experience shear stress, which results in the plates sliding horizontally in opposite directions. This movement occurs along a fault line, where the rocks on either side of the fault are subjected to shear forces. Shear is responsible for the occurrence of earthquakes and the formation of fault lines.
22.
______________ faults are caused by tensional forces.
Correct Answer
A. Normal
Explanation
Normal faults are caused by tensional forces. In this type of fault, the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall due to the pulling apart or extension of the Earth's crust. This occurs in areas where the crust is being stretched or pulled apart, such as at divergent plate boundaries. The tensional forces create a gap or space between the two sides of the fault, resulting in the hanging wall moving downward. This type of faulting is often associated with the formation of rift valleys and can lead to the creation of new crust.
23.
______________ faults are caused by compressional forces.
Correct Answer
C. Reverse
Explanation
Reverse faults are caused by compressional forces. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall, resulting in a steeply inclined fault plane. This type of fault is commonly found in areas where two tectonic plates are converging or colliding, such as in mountain ranges. The compressional forces push the rocks together, causing them to fracture and move vertically. This movement can result in the uplift of mountains and the formation of thrust faults.
24.
______________ faults are caused by shear forces.
Correct Answer
B. Strike-Slip
Explanation
Strike-slip faults are caused by shear forces. In these faults, the rocks on either side of the fault move horizontally past each other, with little to no vertical displacement. This type of fault occurs when there is horizontal stress that causes the rocks to slide past each other. The movement can be either right-lateral or left-lateral, depending on the direction of the shear forces. This type of fault is commonly associated with transform plate boundaries, where two plates slide past each other horizontally.
25.
Along a(n) ________ fault, rock above the fault surface moves downward in relation to rock below the fault surface
Correct Answer
A. Normal
Explanation
In a normal fault, the rock above the fault surface moves downward in relation to the rock below the fault surface. This occurs due to tensional forces pulling the rocks apart, causing the hanging wall (rock above the fault) to move down relative to the footwall (rock below the fault). This type of faulting is commonly associated with divergent plate boundaries, where two plates are moving away from each other.
26.
Along a(n) ________ fault, rock above the fault surface is forced up and over the rock below the fault surface
Correct Answer
C. Reverse
Explanation
In a reverse fault, the rock above the fault surface is pushed up and over the rock below the fault surface. This occurs when compressional forces cause the rock layers to push together, resulting in the overlying rock being forced upwards. This is in contrast to a normal fault, where the rock above the fault surface moves downwards relative to the rock below the fault surface. Strike-slip faults, on the other hand, involve horizontal movement along the fault plane. Elastic faults do not exist, as elasticity refers to the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed.
27.
The most destructive seismic waves are ________________.
Correct Answer
B. Surface
Explanation
Surface waves are the most destructive seismic waves because they travel along the Earth's surface and cause the most damage. These waves have a larger amplitude and longer wavelength compared to other seismic waves, which allows them to cause more shaking and destruction. Surface waves are responsible for the majority of the damage and casualties during an earthquake, making them the most destructive type of seismic waves.
28.
The __________ waves are the first to reach a seismograph after an earthquake
Correct Answer
B. Primary
Explanation
Primary waves, also known as P-waves, are the first to reach a seismograph after an earthquake. These waves are compressional waves that travel through the Earth's interior. They have the ability to travel through solids, liquids, and gases, and therefore are able to reach the seismograph quickly. Primary waves are responsible for the initial shaking felt during an earthquake and are characterized by their fast speed and back-and-forth motion.
29.
At least ____________ seismographs are needed to accurately locate an earthquake's epicenter.
Correct Answer
D. Three
Explanation
To accurately locate an earthquake's epicenter, at least three seismographs are needed. This is because three seismographs are required to triangulate the earthquake's origin. By measuring the arrival times of the seismic waves at each seismograph station, the distance between the epicenter and each station can be determined. The intersection of these distances allows scientists to pinpoint the exact location of the earthquake's epicenter.
30.
The point in the Earth's interior where the energy release of an earthquake occurs is called the _____________
Correct Answer
A. Focus
Explanation
The point in the Earth's interior where the energy release of an earthquake occurs is called the focus. This is the exact location where the seismic waves originate and start to spread outwards. The focus is usually located deep within the Earth's crust, and it is where the stress accumulated over time is finally released, causing the ground to shake. The epicenter, on the other hand, refers to the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where movement occurs, and the inner core is the solid innermost part of the Earth.
31.
The magnitude of an earthquake is measured by the _______________
Correct Answer
A. Richter Scale
Explanation
The correct answer is the Richter Scale. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured using the Richter Scale, which was developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935. This scale measures the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. It is a logarithmic scale, meaning that each whole number increase on the scale represents a tenfold increase in the amplitude of the seismic waves and approximately 31.6 times more energy released by the earthquake. The Richter Scale is widely used to compare the sizes of different earthquakes and provide a standardized measure of their magnitude.
32.
Primary waves ___________ when they hit the liquid outer core.
Correct Answer
A. Slow down
Explanation
Primary waves, also known as P-waves, are seismic waves that can travel through both solids and liquids. However, they travel at different speeds depending on the medium they pass through. When primary waves hit the liquid outer core, they encounter a different density and composition compared to the solid inner core or the mantle. This causes the P-waves to slow down as they propagate through the liquid outer core. Therefore, the correct answer is "Slow down."
33.
Secondary waves ___________ when they hit the liquid outer core
Correct Answer
D. Stop
Explanation
Secondary waves, also known as S-waves, are a type of seismic wave that can only travel through solids. When these waves reach the liquid outer core of the Earth, they encounter a medium that is not solid but instead a liquid. As a result, they are unable to propagate through the liquid outer core and come to a stop. Therefore, the correct answer is "Stop".
34.
Liquefaction is when wet soil acts like a(n) ____________________.
Correct Answer
B. Liquid
Explanation
Liquefaction is a phenomenon where wet soil loses its strength and behaves like a liquid. This occurs when the soil is saturated with water and subjected to stress, such as during an earthquake. The excess water reduces the friction between soil particles, causing them to lose contact and allowing the soil to flow and behave like a liquid. Therefore, the correct answer is "Liquid."
35.
The difference between a magnitude 1 and a magnitude 2 on the Ritcher Scale is ________________ times more powerful.
Correct Answer
B. 32
Explanation
The difference between a magnitude 1 and a magnitude 2 on the Richter Scale is 32 times more powerful. The Richter Scale is a logarithmic scale that measures the energy released by an earthquake. Each whole number increase on the scale represents a tenfold increase in the amplitude of seismic waves and approximately 32 times more energy release. Therefore, a magnitude 2 earthquake is 32 times more powerful than a magnitude 1 earthquake.
36.
This is a ______________________fault.
Correct Answer
A. Normal
Explanation
A normal fault occurs when there is tensional stress in the Earth's crust, causing the hanging wall to move downward relative to the footwall. This fault is characterized by a steeply inclined fault plane and is associated with the stretching and thinning of the crust. In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall, which is consistent with the given answer "Normal".
37.
This is a ______________________fault.
Correct Answer
B. Reverse
Explanation
This is a reverse fault. A reverse fault occurs when the hanging wall moves upward in relation to the footwall, resulting in compression and shortening of the crust. This type of fault is commonly associated with convergent plate boundaries where two tectonic plates collide, causing one plate to be pushed up and over the other.
38.
This is a(n) ______________________fault.
Correct Answer
C. Strike-slip
Explanation
A strike-slip fault is a type of fault where the rocks on either side of the fault move horizontally past each other. This movement is caused by shearing forces. In a strike-slip fault, there is no significant vertical movement of the rocks. This type of fault is commonly associated with transform plate boundaries, where two plates slide past each other horizontally. An example of a strike-slip fault is the San Andreas Fault in California.
39.
This fault is caused by ____________________ forces.
Correct Answer
C. Shear
Explanation
This fault is caused by shear forces. Shear forces occur when two blocks of rock slide past each other horizontally, causing the fault to form. This type of fault is known as a strike-slip fault, where the blocks move horizontally in opposite directions. Shear forces can be caused by the movement of tectonic plates or by other geological processes.
40.
Using the graphic provided, answer the following question. Which wave travels faster?
Correct Answer
B. P-waves
Explanation
P-waves travel faster than S-waves and surface waves. P-waves, also known as primary waves, are the fastest seismic waves and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. S-waves, or secondary waves, are slower and can only travel through solids. Surface waves, as the name suggests, only travel along the Earth's surface and are slower than both P-waves and S-waves. Therefore, P-waves are the correct answer as they travel faster than the other two types of waves mentioned.
41.
Using the graphic provided, answer the following question. What is the time difference at 3,000km?
Correct Answer
D. 8 Minutes
Explanation
The time difference at 3,000km is 8 minutes. This can be inferred from the graphic provided, although the details of the graphic are not given in the question.
42.
Using the graphic provided, answer the following question. Which wave has a more constant speed?
Correct Answer
A. S-waves
Explanation
S-waves have a more constant speed compared to P-waves and surface waves. S-waves, also known as shear waves, move in a side-to-side motion and can only travel through solids. Their speed remains relatively constant as they propagate through the Earth's interior. In contrast, P-waves, or primary waves, move in a back-and-forth motion and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. Surface waves, on the other hand, are slower and only travel along the Earth's surface, causing the most damage during an earthquake. Therefore, S-waves have a more constant speed than P-waves and surface waves.
43.
Which is NOT a layer of the Earth?
Correct Answer
A. Outer Mantle
Explanation
The Earth is composed of several layers, including the crust, mantle, and core. The outer mantle is not a layer of the Earth. The Earth's mantle is divided into two parts: the upper mantle and the lower mantle. The outer mantle is not a recognized subdivision of the Earth's mantle, making it the correct answer.
44.
What is the largest layer of the Earth?
Correct Answer
C. Mantle
Explanation
The mantle is the largest layer of the Earth. It is located between the outer core and the crust. The mantle is composed of solid rock, although it can flow slowly over long periods of time. It makes up about 84% of the Earth's volume and is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountains. The core, on the other hand, is divided into the outer core and the inner core and is located at the center of the Earth. The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, while the Moho is a boundary between the crust and the mantle.