CT Basics
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Computed tomography review
- 1.All human tissues and organs originates from primary germ layers.which germ layer forms the central nervous system
- A.
Endoderm
- B.
Macroderm
- C.
Mesoderm
- D.
Ectoderm
- 2.Which cranial nerve has the widest distribution
- A.
Trigeminal
- B.
Hypoglossal
- C.
Vagus
- D.
Glossopharyngial
- 3.What is an important funtion of the choroid plexus
- A.
Separates the cerebral hemispheres
- B.
To protect the brains surface
- C.
To produce cerebral spinal fluid
- D.
To provide comunication between right and left cerebellum
- 4.The normal range of respiration for an adult is
- A.
5-10 breaths per minute
- B.
12-20 breaths per minute
- C.
20-30 breaths per minute
- D.
35-50 breaths per minute
- 5.Which of the following is a parenteral route of medication administration
- A.
Sublingual
- B.
Intramuccular
- C.
Transdermal
- D.
Oral
- 6.The preparation for a contrast ct exam of a patient with a prior alergic reaction may include
- A.
Premedication with steroids and antihestamines
- B.
A negative contrast agent
- C.
Increase of fluid intake for 24 hours
- D.
Refraining from urinating for 2 hours before the test
- 7.A common injection site for contrast would be
- A.
Cephalic vein
- B.
Antecubital vein
- C.
Basilic vein
- D.
All of the above
- 8.Which of these technical factors would directly effect patient dose
- A.
Matrix size
- B.
Algorithm
- C.
Mas
- D.
Window level
- 9.Preleminary questions before injection of iv contrast would include1. renal function2. allergic history3 cardiac history
- A.
1 only
- B.
1 and 2 only
- C.
3 only
- D.
1, 2, and 3
- 10.The term__________ refers to the number of ions formed when a substance disassociates in solution. it is used to determine the biological effects of iv contrast
- A.
Concentration
- B.
Osmolality
- C.
Solubility
- D.
Iodination
- 11.Which of the following lab values can be used to eval renal function
- A.
Bun
- B.
Creatinine
- C.
Ptt
- D.
A&b
- 12.An infection a patient aquires during their hospital (common to that hospital) stay is called
- A.
Blood-borne
- B.
Nosocomial
- C.
Iatrogenic
- D.
Staphylococcal
- 13.A contrast material that does not dissassotiate into charged particles in solution is called
- A.
Neutral
- B.
Non ionic
- C.
Osmolar
- D.
Ionic
- 14.The average range for adult bun levels is
- A.
1-4 mg/dl
- B.
5-20 mg/dl
- C.
23-30 mg/dl
- D.
45-60mg/dl
- 15.A condition in which cerebral ischemia is caused by systemic hypotention
- A.
Vasovagal reaction
- B.
Myocardial infarction
- C.
Transient ischemic attack
- D.
Hydrocephalus
- 16.Which interaction between xray beam and matter results in the largest pt. dose
- A.
Characteristic
- B.
Compton's scatter
- C.
Bremsstrahlung
- D.
Photoelectric effect
- 17.What is a common medication used to sedate small children in order to do a ct exam
- A.
Chloral hydrate
- B.
Lithium
- C.
Diazipam(valium)
- D.
Secobarbital sodium
- 18.The purpose of iv contrast adminisration is
- A.
Increase the contrast of adjacent structures
- B.
Increase beam attenuation of enhanced structures
- C.
Increase the cost to the patient
- D.
A and b
- 19.The adult spinal cord ends at what vertebral level
- A.
L1-2
- B.
Ll3-4
- C.
L5
- D.
Superior portion of the coccyx
- 20.The portion of the nephron that filters waste material from the blood plasma is
- A.
Afferent arteriole
- B.
Proximal tubule
- C.
Efferent arteriole
- D.
Glomerulus
- 21.Which of the paranasal sinuses is the last to develope
- A.
Frontal
- B.
Ethmoidal
- C.
Sphenoidal
- D.
Maxillary
- 22.What is an important function of the choroid plexus
- A.
To divide the cerebellum
- B.
To produce cerebrospinal fluid
- C.
To protect the brain
- D.
To provide comunication between the cerebella and cerebrum
- 23.What is the only movable joint in the cranium
- A.
Maxilary
- B.
Zigomatic
- C.
Temporomandibular
- D.
Sphenomandibular
- 24.Which gland can be palpated by placing the index and middle fingers just anterior and inferior to the earlobe
- A.
Parotid
- B.
Parathyroid
- C.
Submandibular
- D.
Sublingual
- 25.The digital to analog converter insures that the data is free from artifacts and contain enough usable data. this is known as
- A.
Formatting
- B.
Continuoussampling
- C.
Quality conversion
- D.
Preprocessing
- 26.Which artifact indicates a detector is defective
- A.
Aliasing
- B.
Noise
- C.
Ring
- D.
Partial volume averaging
- 27.What does fourier transform calculate
- A.
Homogeneity of the xray beam
- B.
The lenghth of time for the xrays to pass through the patient and strike the detectors
- C.
The probability that the xray beam will be deflected
- D.
The distance between the patient and the detectors
- 28.What does the slice thickness affect
- A.
How the details of the exam will appear
- B.
Beam energy
- C.
The algorythem for backprojection
- D.
Matrix size
- 29.What determines the focal spot size
- A.
Scan field of veiw
- B.
Cathode filiment and anode target angle
- C.
Linear attenuation coeficient and pitch
- D.
Prepatient collimator
- 30.What allows continuous xray production in todays ct scanners
- A.
Stationary rotors
- B.
Rorating anodes
- C.
Rotating detector array
- D.
Pencil beam geomitry
- 31.The analog to digital converter contains several parts,which part of the adc asigns the binary numbers that become the digital signal
- A.
Sampler
- B.
Quantisizer
- C.
Dispencer
- D.
Coder
- 32.The scan field of veiw is mostly responsible for
- A.
Pitch
- B.
Contrast resolution
- C.
Interpolation
- D.
Spatial resolution
- 33.The pixel size in an image using a 512 x 512 matrix and a display field of veiw of 30.2 cm is__mm
- A.
0.79
- B.
0.99
- C.
0.39
- D.
0.59
- 34.What are the purpose of filters within the xray tube of a ct scanner
- A.
To decrease the scan time
- B.
To remove high energy photons from the beam
- C.
To remove low energy xray photons from the beam
- D.
To increase patient dose
- 35.In helical ct scanning , a pitch of 1 results in ________bands of data
- A.
Fewer
- B.
Overlapping
- C.
Adjacent
- D.
More
- 36.Which of the following is a characteristic of 3rd generation ct scanners
- A.
The detectors are arranged in linear configuration
- B.
The xray tube and detectors rotate continuously in a 360 degree arc
- C.
The scanner uses a side to side motion called translation
- D.
The assembly is stopepd and rotated between each scan
- 37.The way the xray beam passes through the patient and is aquired by the ct detectors is calledbeam
- A.
Geometry
- B.
Speed
- C.
Transmission
- D.
Projection
- 38.Which ct scanners were designed for cardiac imaging specifically
- A.
Third
- B.
Fifth
- C.
Fourth
- D.
Second
- 39.What is another name for 6th generation ct scanners
- A.
Transaxial
- B.
Nutational
- C.
Translational
- D.
Helical
- 40.Which are the typical matrix sizes for todays ct scanners1. 512 x 5122. 120 x 1203. 1024 sx 1024
- A.
1 and 2
- B.
2 and 3
- C.
1 and 3
- D.
1, 2 and 3
- 41.What are the types of filtration used in ct1. beam shaped2. mathmatical3. projection
- A.
1 and 2
- B.
1,2, and 3
- C.
2 and 3
- D.
1. and 3
- 42.In 2nd gen. scanners , what shape wasthe xray beam
- A.
Pencil
- B.
Cone
- C.
Fan
- D.
Rectangular
- 43.Who created the first ct scanner
- A.
Robert ledley
- B.
Godfrey hounsfield
- C.
Johan radon
- D.
Allen cormack
- 44.The process by which each voxel is assigned a specific number to represent it's brightness is called
- A.
Translation
- B.
Specification
- C.
Computation
- D.
Quantization
- 45.How long should an xray tube last in a busy ct department
- A.
One year
- B.
6 months
- C.
2 years
- D.
18 months
- 46.In ct, the actual area of interest scanned is called the
- A.
Region of interest
- B.
Scan field of view
- C.
Display field of view
- D.
Matrix
- 47.Which of these components is part of the data acquisition system used in digital imaging
- A.
Algorythm
- B.
Analog to digital converter
- C.
Picture archiving and communication system
- D.
Detector
- 48.Pixel size = field of veiw divided by _________
- A.
Matrix size
- B.
Scan thickness
- C.
Voxel size
- D.
Scan time
- 49.The detectors ability to gather the xray photons that pass through the patient is call ___________ efficiency
- A.
Capture
- B.
Dynamic
- C.
Absorption
- D.
Reproducibility
- 50.What component applies algorithyms to the attenuation data to produce the final ct image
- A.
Archiving system
- B.
Sample/ hold/unit
- C.
Analog to digital converter
- D.
Array processor
- 51.What material are most modern ct scanners made from
- A.
Aluminum
- B.
Carbon fiber
- C.
Plastic resin
- D.
Tungsten
- 52.A voxel that is equal on all sides is called
- A.
Multiplanar
- B.
Anisotropic
- C.
Cubiform
- D.
Isotropic
- 53.All generators used in ct are located inside the gantry
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 54.Window width adjustments influence what
- A.
Blurring
- B.
Contrast
- C.
Patient dose
- D.
Resolution
- 55.An artifact caused by a patient using several different breath holdsat differrent levels of inspiration during scanning is called a _________ artifact
- A.
Aliasing
- B.
Beam hardening
- C.
Misregistration
- D.
Ring
- 56.Which type of linear interpolation algorythym is used in todays st scanners
- A.
360 degrees
- B.
180 degrees
- C.
120 degrees
- D.
75 degrees
- 57.A wide window width is used for exams requiring
- A.
Demenstration of nearly identical densitys
- B.
Few shades of gray
- C.
Many shades of gray
- D.
A narrow houndsfield number range
- 58.Several reconstruction methods only use 10% of the data set. which of these aplications uses 100%
- A.
Shaded surface rendering
- B.
Maximum intensity projections
- C.
Volume rendering
- D.
Curved multiplaner reconstruction
- 59.Which of the following items ensures compatibility for all modalities within the radiology department
- A.
A uniform resource locator , or url
- B.
The picture archiving and communication system, or pacs
- C.
The digital imaging and communications in medicine standards, or dicom
- D.
The hospital information system , or his
- 60.What does image smoothing do to the images
- A.
Evens out bright and dark pixels to create a uniform shade of gray
- B.
Removes scatter radiation from soft tissue
- C.
Evens out areas that look blurred or have suble differences in gray shades
- D.
Uses the middle of the anatomy as a referance point to start the field of view
- 61.When does retrospective processing occur
- A.
Before the scan is performed
- B.
Only after archiving
- C.
After the exam is done
- D.
During the exam
- 62.
- A.
Leave only the air filled structures
- B.
Enhance the darkest pixels and discard the brightest pixels
- C.
Enhance the brightest pixels and discard the darkest pixels
- D.
Ensure all of the anatomy is correctly within the field of view
- 63.The patient lies on the ct table parallel to the ___ axis , and perpindicular to the helical path the xray tube and detector array follow
- A.
X
- B.
Z
- C.
Q
- D.
Y
- 64.What does edge enhancement do to the image
- A.
Suppresses the densest areas of anatomy
- B.
Adds detail to denser anatomy in the image
- C.
Delineates the needle used during ct biopsies
- D.
Enhances the soft tissue anatomy
- 65.What does filterback projection do
- A.
Reconstruct the images from helical to axial orientation
- B.
Helps to automatically remove artifacts
- C.
Doubles the amount of scan data
- D.
Records the dose for the scan
- 66.S the process of interpolation do
- A.
Removes the darker pixel elements, while leaving the brightest
- B.
Adjusts the contour of the image by creating sharp edges from blurred ones
- C.
Changes axial image into coronal, sagital or oblique images
- D.
Reconstructs the spirally acquired images into what looks like indivisual slices
- 67.window level
- A.
The highest boundary of the gray scale range
- B.
The darkest shadeof the window width
- C.
The mid point number in the hounsfield range for any given exam
- D.
The equation used to determine the window width
- 68.Xenon studies are performed to
- A.
To localize brain tumors
- B.
To determine if there is sufficient blood flow to the brain
- C.
To assess chronic headaches
- D.
To provide a therapeutic alternative to surgery
- 69.The z gap algorhythm measures the
- A.
Amount of radiation collected by the detector array
- B.
Amount of scatter radiation from the patient
- C.
Range of gray shades for a given exam
- D.
Distance between 2 adjacent slices
- 70.The first cranial nerve is named ____, and its function is______check all that apply
- A.
Optic
- B.
Olfactory
- C.
Trigeminal
- D.
Sense of smell
- E.
Sense of sight
- F.
Sense of touch
- 71.The 2nd pair of cranial nerves arethe_______, and there function is________check all that apply
- A.
Olfactory
- B.
Abducens
- C.
Optic
- D.
Mainly motor
- E.
Sense of smell
- F.
Sense of sight
- 72.The 3rd pair of cranial nerves are named___, and there function is________check all that apply
- A.
Trochlear
- B.
Optic
- C.
Oculomotor
- D.
Mainly motor, eye muscles
- E.
Sense of sight
- F.
Sense of touch
- 73.REDUCTION OF IMAGE BLUR IN RECONSTRUCTED CT IMAGES IS ACCOMPLISHED WITH
- A.
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
- B.
CONVOLUTION FILTERS
- C.
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER
- D.
FOURIER TRANSFORMATION
- 74.Which of the following scientists were instrumental in the initial development of ct1. alan cormack2. raymond damadian3. geodfrey hounsfield4. paul lauterbur
- A.
Only 1, 2, and 3
- B.
only 1 and 3
- C.
Only 2 and 4
- D.
Only 3
- 75.The principle advantage of ct over conventional radiography is
- A.
Speed of image acquisition
- B.
Energy resolution
- C.
Contrast resolution
- D.
sspatial resolution
- 76.Which of the following involves emission of a signal from a patient
- A.
CT
- B.
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND
- C.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- D.
PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHY
- 77.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE LIMITATIONS OF CT1. SPATIAL RESOLUTION2. ARTIFACT GENERATION3. Z- AXIS RESOLUTION4. PAIENT DOSE
- A.
ONLY 1. 2 AND 3
- B.
ONLY 1 AND 3
- C.
ONLY 2 AND 4
- D.
ALL ARE CORRECT
- 78.ANOTHER TERM FOR CONVOLUTION FILTER IS
- A.
BACK PROJECTION
- B.
KERNEL
- C.
FOURIER TRANSFORMATION
- D.
LOOKUP TABLE
- 79.WHAT IS THE LIMITING SPATIAL FREQUENCY FOR A CT IMAGE WITH A PIXEL SIZE OF 1 MM
- A.
5 LP/CM
- B.
8 LP/CM
- C.
12 LP/CM
- D.
16 LP/CM
- 80.THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT ( CPU ) CONTAINS WHICH OF THESE COMPONENTS1.MICROPROCESSOR2. CONTROL UNIT 3. PRIMARY MEMORY4. SECONDARY MEMORY
- A.
1, 2 AND 3
- B.
1 AND 3
- C.
2 AND 4
- D.
ALL OF THEM
- 81.A HIGH PASS CONVOLUTION FILTER WOULD MOST LIKELY BE USED TO IMAGE
- A.
CARTALAGE - MUSCLE
- B.
BONE- LUNG
- C.
GRAY MATTER- WHITE MATTER
- D.
LIVER- SPLEEN
- 82.THE HOUNSFIELD NUMBER FOR AIR IS
- A.
-1000
- B.
-500
- C.
1000
- D.
0
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