10 Ways to Kill a Rat, and More Things You Don't Care About!
There's no way to determine if you did damage to the right area of the brain
A change in behavior could be the result of the brain structure you ablated or any number of structures it interacted with
Since experimental ablation causes permanent destruction of tissue, studies must be conducted with very low N and conclusions are therefore rarely generalizable
There's no way to determine if a change in behavior is the result of the brain structure you ablated, or the surgery itself
Aspiration
Radio frequency lesions
Excitotoxic lesions
Confocal laser lesions
Excitotoxic lesions are easier to set up and conduct
Excitotoxic lesions are temporary lesions, sometimes referred to as "reversible brain lesions"
Excitotoxic lesions only kill the neurons in the area, not axons that are just passing through the area
Excitotoxic lesions allow for anterograde labeling afterward
There would be many more mistakes done in creating lesions in the appropriate part of the brain
It would be difficult to keep the animal's head in a fixed position and surgery would be made more complicated
It would be impossible to interpret results of stains after the animal is killed
Scientists would not know when to use which method of producing brain lesions without it
Lesions that, when examined using histological techniques, are found to have been made in the wrong place
A placebo procedure that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except actually causing brain damage
Lesions that do not occur naturally but are induced in a laboratory
Lesions that, when induced, do not cause a change in behavior of the animal
Otherwise there's nothing to compare the lesioned animals to, to make sure that it was the lesion that caused the change in behavior and not the surgery
Behavior is not the same thing as function; a brain structure's function is a factor that plays a role in the expression of a behavior
It would be impossible to differentiate sham lesions from real ones
It's important to verify the lesion placement in the brain
Anterograde labels
Confocal laser scanning microscopes
Retrograde labels
Formalin
Excitotoxic lesions
Microelectrodes
A stereotaxic apparatus
Macroelectrodes
Excitotoxic lesions
Microelectrodes
A stereotaxic apparatus
Macroelectrodes
SQUID
EEG
MRI
CT
SQUID
EEG
MRI
CT
Diagnosis of epilepsy
Receptor localization
Localization of neurotransmitters
Measuring metabolic differences in different regions of the brain
PET
CT
MRI
SQUID
PET
CT
MRI
SQUID
PET
CT
MRI
SQUID
It is able to localize receptors
It is able to detect metabolic differences between brain structures
That it reveals bundles of myelinated axons
It is able to localize neurotransmitters
PET
FMRI
SQUID
CT
A procedure wherein a single neuron is activated by an electrode
A procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitial fluid
A procedure wherein the electric potential for an area of the brain is measured
A procedure for measuring the electric potential of a single neuron
Genetics plays a role in the expression of the trait
Genetics may not be responsible for the expression of the trait
Nature plays a larger role than nurture in this trait
Concordance rates have nothing to do with twin studies
Genetics may play a role in the expression of the trait
Genetics may not be responsible for the expression of the trait
Nature plays a larger role than nurture in this trait
Measuring behavior is the wrong technique for adoption studies
True
False
A technique for scanning the brain involving injection of a radioactive virus into the brain
Measurement of eye-related reflexes to moving stimuli
Electrical responses of the cerebral cortex to visual stimulation
Known by their common name as 'optical illusions'
There are no materials so it's free to conduct
It's noninvasive
It takes significantly less time than a brain scan
Unlike fMRIs, VEPs are usable on people with epilepsy
50 microvolts (about same as EEG response)
5 milivolts (about same as EMG response)
1 volt (about same as ECG response)
Conduct experiments in pitch-black rooms and only illuminate the stimulus so the eye can only react to it
Simultaneously measure VEPs and EEGs and subtract the values from one another
Measure repeated responses and the noise gets averaged out
Attach microelectrodes to the eye-related cranial nerves and measure when they send responses
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