Chapter 5 Physiological Psychology Mid-term Study Quiz
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- 1.One problem with experimental albation is that ______________.
- A.
There's no way to determine if you did damage to the right area of the brain
- B.
A change in behavior could be the result of the brain structure you ablated or any number of structures it interacted with
- C.
Since experimental ablation causes permanent destruction of tissue, studies must be conducted with very low N and conclusions are therefore rarely generalizable
- D.
There's no way to determine if a change in behavior is the result of the brain structure you ablated, or the surgery itself
- 2.Which of the following is not an experimental ablation method:
- A.
Aspiration
- B.
Radio frequency lesions
- C.
Excitotoxic lesions
- D.
Confocal laser lesions
- 3.What is the benefit of excitotoxic lesions over radio-frequency lesions?
- A.
Excitotoxic lesions are easier to set up and conduct
- B.
Excitotoxic lesions are temporary lesions, sometimes referred to as "reversible brain lesions"
- C.
Excitotoxic lesions only kill the neurons in the area, not axons that are just passing through the area
- D.
Excitotoxic lesions allow for anterograde labeling afterward
- 4.What problems would arise if we had no stereotaxic atlases?
- A.
There would be many more mistakes done in creating lesions in the appropriate part of the brain
- B.
It would be difficult to keep the animal's head in a fixed position and surgery would be made more complicated
- C.
It would be impossible to interpret results of stains after the animal is killed
- D.
Scientists would not know when to use which method of producing brain lesions without it
- 5.Sham lesions are ________________.
- A.
Lesions that, when examined using histological techniques, are found to have been made in the wrong place
- B.
A placebo procedure that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except actually causing brain damage
- C.
Lesions that do not occur naturally but are induced in a laboratory
- D.
Lesions that, when induced, do not cause a change in behavior of the animal
- 6.Histological techniques are necessary because ____________.
- A.
Otherwise there's nothing to compare the lesioned animals to, to make sure that it was the lesion that caused the change in behavior and not the surgery
- B.
Behavior is not the same thing as function; a brain structure's function is a factor that plays a role in the expression of a behavior
- C.
It would be impossible to differentiate sham lesions from real ones
- D.
It's important to verify the lesion placement in the brain
- 7._____________ help show where brain signals go next from a specific brain structure.
- A.
Anterograde labels
- B.
Confocal laser scanning microscopes
- C.
Retrograde labels
- D.
Formalin
- 8.If one were interested in observing how specific seretonin-secreting neurons function during sleep, one might use _______________.
- A.
Excitotoxic lesions
- B.
Microelectrodes
- C.
A stereotaxic apparatus
- D.
Macroelectrodes
- 9.If one were interested in finding the area of the brain causing seizures in an individual, one might use ____________.
- A.
Excitotoxic lesions
- B.
Microelectrodes
- C.
A stereotaxic apparatus
- D.
Macroelectrodes
- 10.______________ measures electric potential across different parts of the brain, and can be used in measuring sleep cycles or diagnosing epilepsy.
- A.
SQUID
- B.
EEG
- C.
MRI
- D.
CT
- 11.____________ measures the magnetic fields formed by electric potentials in the brain, can can be used in diagnosing epilepsy or measuring regional brain activity that accompanies perception of various stimuli.
- A.
SQUID
- B.
EEG
- C.
MRI
- D.
CT
- 12.Autoradiography, a technique involving exposing sections of the brain to radioactive ligands and then placing them on film, is a useful technique for _____________
- A.
Diagnosis of epilepsy
- B.
Receptor localization
- C.
Localization of neurotransmitters
- D.
Measuring metabolic differences in different regions of the brain
- 13.A pretty big disadvantage of ____________ is that it requires having an atomic particle accelerator handy at all times.
- A.
PET
- B.
CT
- C.
MRI
- D.
SQUID
- 14.________ involves scanning beams of X-rays across the body to produce a two-dimensional picture of a "slice" through the body
- A.
PET
- B.
CT
- C.
MRI
- D.
SQUID
- 15.An advantage of ____________, a technique involving detection radiation from hydrogen atoms in a strong magnetic field, over CT scans is that it allows scans to be taken in the sagittal or frontal planes as well as horizontal plane.
- A.
PET
- B.
CT
- C.
MRI
- D.
SQUID
- 16.An advantage of diffusion tensor imaging (modified MRI) over a typical MRI is ____________.
- A.
It is able to localize receptors
- B.
It is able to detect metabolic differences between brain structures
- C.
That it reveals bundles of myelinated axons
- D.
It is able to localize neurotransmitters
- 17._____________ detects levels of oxygen in the brain's blood vessels, and is thereby able to measure regional metabolism in the brain.
- A.
PET
- B.
FMRI
- C.
SQUID
- D.
CT
- 18.Microdialysis is ____________.
- A.
A procedure wherein a single neuron is activated by an electrode
- B.
A procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitial fluid
- C.
A procedure wherein the electric potential for an area of the brain is measured
- D.
A procedure for measuring the electric potential of a single neuron
- 19.If the concordance rate among identical twins is the same as that of fraternal twins , it is an indication that ___________.
- A.
Genetics plays a role in the expression of the trait
- B.
Genetics may not be responsible for the expression of the trait
- C.
Nature plays a larger role than nurture in this trait
- D.
Concordance rates have nothing to do with twin studies
- 20.If a behavior that is exhibited by an adopted child is seen more frequently in the adopted parents than in the biological parents, it is an indication that ___________.
- A.
Genetics may play a role in the expression of the trait
- B.
Genetics may not be responsible for the expression of the trait
- C.
Nature plays a larger role than nurture in this trait
- D.
Measuring behavior is the wrong technique for adoption studies
- 21.T/F: fMRI has lower resolution than PET scans.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 22.Visual evoked potentials are _______________
- A.
A technique for scanning the brain involving injection of a radioactive virus into the brain
- B.
Measurement of eye-related reflexes to moving stimuli
- C.
Electrical responses of the cerebral cortex to visual stimulation
- D.
Known by their common name as 'optical illusions'
- 23.A benefit of visual evoked potentials is that _________________
- A.
There are no materials so it's free to conduct
- B.
It's noninvasive
- C.
It takes significantly less time than a brain scan
- D.
Unlike fMRIs, VEPs are usable on people with epilepsy
- 24.Which of the following is a possible amplitude of a VEP?
- A.
- B.
50 microvolts (about same as EEG response)
- C.
5 milivolts (about same as EMG response)
- D.
1 volt (about same as ECG response)
- 25.To deal with the problem of noise in VEP measurements, scientists ___________.
- A.
Conduct experiments in pitch-black rooms and only illuminate the stimulus so the eye can only react to it
- B.
Simultaneously measure VEPs and EEGs and subtract the values from one another
- C.
Measure repeated responses and the noise gets averaged out
- D.
Attach microelectrodes to the eye-related cranial nerves and measure when they send responses
- 26.VEP is useful in diagnosing _____________.
- A.
Epilepsy
- B.
Blindness in babies
- C.
Schizophrenia
- D.
Thyroid hormone imbalance
- 27.If one is concerned that an individual is faking blindness, a simple test would be _____________.
- A.
FMRI
- B.
PET
- C.
VEP
- D.
CT
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