Can You Really Pass This Difficult Microbiology Test?
There are a lot of quizzes that one can say are hard, but for sure this takes the cake. The quiz below is made up of some complex microbiology questions that most students have a difficult time tackling. Can you pass what is known as the difficult microbiology test ever? Why don’t you give it a shot and get to find out? All the best!
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The condition in the host that results from pathogenic parasitic organism growing and multiplying within or on the host is called
- A.
An infection.
- B.
An infectious disease.
- C.
Pathogenesis
- D.
All of these
Correct Answer
A. An infection.Explanation
The condition in the host that results from pathogenic parasitic organism growing and multiplying within or on the host is called an infection. This term specifically refers to the presence and growth of the pathogen in the host, without necessarily indicating the manifestation of symptoms or disease. An infection can lead to an infectious disease if it causes harm or disrupts the normal functioning of the host. Therefore, the correct answer is "an infection."Rate this question:
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- 2.
The final outcome of most host-parasite relationships depends on
- A.
the number of organisms present in or on the host.
- B.
The virulence of the organism.
- C.
The host's defenses.
- D.
all of the choices
Correct Answer
D. all of the choicesExplanation
The final outcome of most host-parasite relationships depends on the number of organisms present in or on the host, the virulence of the organism, and the host's defenses. This means that all of these factors play a role in determining the outcome of the relationship.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following has no effect on the outcome of the host-parasite relationship?
- A.
The number of parasites on or in the host
- B.
The virulence of the parasite
- C.
The defenses of the host
- D.
All of these have an effect on the outcome of the host-parasite relationship.
Correct Answer
D. All of these have an effect on the outcome of the host-parasite relationship.Explanation
The correct answer is "All of these have an effect on the outcome of the host-parasite relationship." This is because all three factors mentioned - the number of parasites on or in the host, the virulence of the parasite, and the defenses of the host - can significantly influence the outcome of the host-parasite relationship. The number of parasites can affect the severity of the infection, the virulence of the parasite can determine how harmful it is to the host, and the defenses of the host can determine how well it can fight off the infection. Therefore, all three factors are important in determining the outcome of the host-parasite relationship.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Any organism that can cause disease in the host after direct interaction is a
- A.
Focal pathogen.
- B.
Opportunistic pathogen.
- C.
Primary pathogen.
- D.
secondary pathogen.
Correct Answer
C. Primary pathogen.Explanation
A primary pathogen is an organism that is capable of causing disease in a host after direct interaction. This means that the organism is able to invade and infect the host, leading to the development of symptoms and illness. Unlike opportunistic pathogens, which only cause disease when the host's immune system is compromised, primary pathogens can cause disease in a healthy individual. Focal pathogens and secondary pathogens are not the correct terms to describe organisms that cause disease through direct interaction.Rate this question:
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- 5.
An __________ pathogen can cause disease in a host with impaired resistance.
Correct Answer
opportunisticExplanation
An opportunistic pathogen refers to a microorganism that typically does not cause disease in individuals with a healthy immune system but can cause infection or disease in individuals with weakened or impaired immune defenses. These pathogens take advantage of the opportunity presented by a compromised immune system to invade and cause illness. This can occur in individuals with conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplant recipients, or those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.Rate this question:
- 6.
If a symbiont either harms or lives at the expense of another organism, the relationship is called
- A.
Symbiosis
- B.
Parasitism
- C.
Commensalisms
- D.
Pathogenicity
Correct Answer
B. ParasitismExplanation
Parasitism is the correct answer because it refers to a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism. In parasitism, the parasite harms or lives off the host organism, obtaining nutrients and resources from it. This relationship is characterized by one organism (the parasite) benefiting while the other organism (the host) is harmed.Rate this question:
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- 7.
An organism other than a human that is infected with a parasitic organism that can also infect humans is called a(n) ________ host.
- A.
Reservoir
- B.
Endoparasite
- C.
Transfer
- D.
Intermediate
Correct Answer
A. ReservoirExplanation
When an organism other than a human is infected with a parasitic organism that can also infect humans, it is referred to as a reservoir host. This term is used to describe a host organism that serves as a source of infection for other organisms, including humans. The reservoir host can harbor the parasite without showing any symptoms and can transmit the parasite to other susceptible hosts, including humans, through various means such as direct contact, vectors, or environmental contamination.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following is required of a pathogen to possess in order for it to be successful at causing infectious disease?
- A.
Initially be transported to the host
- B.
Be able to exit the host
- C.
Ability to adhere to, colonize, or invade the host
- D.
Ability to damage the host
- E.
All of the choices
Correct Answer
E. All of the choicesExplanation
Pathogens need to initially be transported to the host, be able to exit the host, have the ability to adhere to, colonize, or invade the host, and have the ability to damage the host in order to be successful at causing infectious disease.Rate this question:
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- 9.
An inanimate object that may be contaminated with a pathogen is called a
- A.
Vector
- B.
Fomite
- C.
Zoonoses
- D.
None of the choices
Correct Answer
B. FomiteExplanation
A fomite is an inanimate object that can become contaminated with a pathogen and can then transmit the pathogen to another individual. Fomites can include objects such as doorknobs, countertops, or toys. They are important in the transmission of infectious diseases and can contribute to outbreaks in certain settings.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following is a facultative intracellular pathogen?
- A.
Viruses
- B.
Brucella abortus
- C.
Rickettsia
- D.
All of the choices
Correct Answer
B. Brucella abortusExplanation
Brucella abortus is a facultative intracellular pathogen. Facultative intracellular pathogens are capable of both intracellular and extracellular growth. Brucella abortus is a bacterium that causes brucellosis in animals and humans. It is able to survive and replicate inside host cells, particularly macrophages, allowing it to evade the immune system and establish a chronic infection. This characteristic makes Brucella abortus a facultative intracellular pathogen. Viruses and rickettsia are also intracellular pathogens, but not all of the choices given are facultative intracellular pathogens.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Transfer of pathogens from host to environment and then to another host are said to be transmitted _________.
Correct Answer
indirectlyExplanation
Pathogens that are transmitted indirectly are transferred from the host to the environment, and then to another host. This means that the transmission does not occur directly between individuals, but rather through intermediaries such as contaminated surfaces, objects, or vectors like insects. Indirect transmission can occur through various routes, including airborne droplets, contaminated food or water, or contact with contaminated surfaces. It is an important mode of transmission for many infectious diseases and understanding it is crucial for implementing effective prevention and control measures.Rate this question:
- 12.
A ________________ infection is a disease caused by a parasitic organism that is normally found in animals other than humans.
Correct Answer
zoonoticExplanation
A zoonotic infection is a disease caused by a parasitic organism that is normally found in animals other than humans. This means that the infection can be transmitted from animals to humans. Zoonotic infections can occur through direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or through vectors such as ticks or mosquitoes. Examples of zoonotic infections include rabies, Lyme disease, and avian influenza. It is important to be aware of zoonotic infections and take necessary precautions to prevent their transmission.Rate this question:
- 13.
The presence of viruses in the blood is called _______________.
Correct Answer
viremiaExplanation
Viremia refers to the presence of viruses in the bloodstream. It occurs when viruses enter the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body, potentially causing systemic infection. Viremia can occur in various viral infections, including those caused by HIV, influenza, and hepatitis viruses. Detection of viremia is important for diagnosing and monitoring viral infections, as well as determining the effectiveness of antiviral treatments.Rate this question:
- 14.
A __________ is an organism that transfers pathogens from one host to another.
Correct Answer
vectorExplanation
A vector is an organism that transfers pathogens from one host to another. Vectors can be insects, such as mosquitoes or ticks, or other animals like rodents. They play a crucial role in the spread of diseases by carrying pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, and transmitting them to new hosts. This transmission can occur through bites, contact with contaminated body fluids, or by acting as a carrier for the pathogen. Vectors are an important factor in the epidemiology of many diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease.Rate this question:
- 15.
Vector-borne transmission can be either external or internal. In external (mechanical) transmission, the pathogen is carried
- A.
On a fomite.
- B.
On the body surface of a vector.
- C.
Within the vector.
- D.
All of the choices
Correct Answer
B. On the body surface of a vector.Explanation
In vector-borne transmission, the pathogen is carried on the body surface of a vector. This means that the pathogen is physically present on the external surface of the vector, such as on its legs or wings. This type of transmission can occur when the pathogen is picked up by the vector while it feeds on an infected host, and then transferred to a new host when the vector feeds again. It is different from internal transmission, where the pathogen is present within the vector's body, such as in its saliva or gut.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Inanimate materials involved in pathogen transmission are called reservoirs.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Inanimate materials involved in pathogen transmission are not called reservoirs. Reservoirs refer to living organisms or environmental sources where pathogens can live and multiply. Inanimate materials, on the other hand, can act as fomites or surfaces that can harbor pathogens and facilitate their transmission. Therefore, the statement is false.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Pathogens can penetrate to deeper tissues by producing specific virulence structures or enzymes. These products include all of the following except
- A.
Collagenase
- B.
Ribosomes
- C.
Hyaluronidase
- D.
Leukocidins
Correct Answer
B. RibosomesExplanation
Pathogens can penetrate deeper tissues by producing specific virulence structures or enzymes such as collagenase, hyaluronidase, and leukocidins. Ribosomes, however, are not involved in the process of penetrating deeper tissues.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Bacteria within biofilms exchange
- A.
Plasmids
- B.
Quorum-sensing molecules
- C.
Nutrients
- D.
All of the choices
Correct Answer
D. All of the choicesExplanation
Biofilms are complex communities of bacteria that form on surfaces. Within biofilms, bacteria exchange plasmids, which are small, circular pieces of DNA that can contain genes for antibiotic resistance or other beneficial traits. Bacteria in biofilms also communicate with each other using quorum-sensing molecules, which allow them to coordinate their behavior. Additionally, biofilms provide a protective environment where bacteria can access and share nutrients. Therefore, all of the choices - plasmids, quorum-sensing molecules, and nutrients - are exchanged within biofilms.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Many types of bacteria are only _________ when dispersing from more stable and heterogeneous communities known as biofilms.
Correct Answer
planktonicExplanation
The term "planktonic" refers to bacteria that are freely floating or suspended in a liquid medium, as opposed to being attached to a surface. In this context, the word "only" suggests that these bacteria can exist in a planktonic state only when they disperse from biofilms, which are more stable and heterogeneous communities. Therefore, the correct answer is "planktonic."Rate this question:
- 20.
Virulence may be measured experimentally at the host level by the __________ __________ __________, which measures the number of pathogens that kills 50% of an experimental group of hosts within a specified amount of time. (3 words)
Correct Answer
lethal dose 50
lethal dose fiftyExplanation
Virulence can be quantified by determining the lethal dose 50 (LD50), which refers to the amount of pathogens that is lethal to 50% of the hosts in a given time frame. LD50 is a measure of the potency of a pathogen and provides insights into its ability to cause disease and harm the host. By measuring LD50, scientists can compare the virulence of different pathogens and assess their potential impact on host populations.Rate this question:
- 21.
The term __________ refers to the degree or intensity of pathogenicity.
Correct Answer
virulenceExplanation
Virulence refers to the degree or intensity of pathogenicity. In other words, it measures how severe or harmful a pathogen is in causing disease. A highly virulent pathogen is more likely to cause severe illness or death, while a less virulent pathogen may cause milder symptoms or be less likely to cause disease altogether. Understanding the virulence of a pathogen is important in assessing the risk it poses to human or animal health and in developing strategies for prevention and treatment.Rate this question:
- 22.
Because LPS is bound to the surface of bacteria, it is called a(n) __________.
Correct Answer
endotoxinExplanation
LPS, or lipopolysaccharide, is a molecule found on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is considered an endotoxin because it is a toxin that is an integral part of the bacterial cell wall and is only released when the bacteria are lysed or destroyed. Endotoxins can cause a strong immune response in the body, leading to inflammation and other symptoms.Rate this question:
- 23.
A neutralizing antibody against a toxin is called a(n) __________.
Correct Answer
antitoxinExplanation
An antitoxin is a type of neutralizing antibody that specifically targets and neutralizes toxins in the body. It binds to the toxin, preventing it from causing harm to cells and tissues. By binding to the toxin, the antitoxin helps to remove it from the body and reduce its harmful effects. This immune response is an important defense mechanism against toxins produced by bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.Rate this question:
- 24.
Exotoxins can be denatured by iodine to form __________ which are useful in vaccines.
Correct Answer
toxoidsExplanation
Exotoxins are toxic substances produced by certain bacteria. When these exotoxins are denatured by iodine, they form toxoids. Toxoids are modified versions of the exotoxins that have lost their toxic properties but can still stimulate an immune response. This makes them useful in vaccines because they can elicit an immune response without causing harm to the body. By introducing toxoids into the body through vaccination, the immune system can recognize and remember the toxin, providing protection against future infections by the bacteria that produce the exotoxin.Rate this question:
- 25.
The capacity of an organism to produce a toxin is called __________.
Correct Answer
toxigenicityExplanation
Toxigenicity refers to the ability of an organism to produce toxins. This capacity allows the organism to cause harm or illness in other organisms. Toxins can be produced by various organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and plants, and they can have different effects on the body depending on their specific properties. Understanding the toxigenicity of an organism is important in assessing its potential impact on human health and in developing strategies to prevent or treat toxin-related diseases.Rate this question:
- 26.
Cholera toxin is an AB toxin.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Cholera toxin is classified as an AB toxin, which means it consists of two subunits: A and B. The B subunit binds to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, allowing the toxin to enter the cell. The A subunit then enters the cell and exerts its toxic effects. This classification is based on the structure and mode of action of the toxin, making the statement "Cholera toxin is an AB toxin" true.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Many bacteria are pathogenic because they carry large segments of DNA called __________ _________, which were acquired by horizontal gene transfer, and which carry genes responsible for virulence. (2 words)
Correct Answer
pathogenicity islandsExplanation
Pathogenicity islands are large segments of DNA that are acquired by horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. These islands contain genes responsible for virulence, which contribute to the bacteria's ability to cause disease. This explains why many bacteria are pathogenic, as they possess these pathogenicity islands that enable them to carry out harmful actions in the host organism.Rate this question:
- 28.
Once a pathogen has infected the host, __________________ is a measure of the pathogen's ability to spread to adjacent or other tissues.
Correct Answer
invasivenessExplanation
Invasiveness refers to the ability of a pathogen to spread from the initial site of infection to adjacent or other tissues within the host. It measures how effectively the pathogen can invade and establish itself in different parts of the body. The higher the invasiveness of a pathogen, the more likely it is to cause severe disease and complications in the host.Rate this question:
- 29.
Gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens results from disruption of cell membranes caused by production of ____________. (2 words, 1 word)
Correct Answer
alpha-toxin, phospholipases
alpha toxin, phospholipasesExplanation
Gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens results from disruption of cell membranes caused by production of alpha-toxin and phospholipases.Rate this question:
- 30.
While exotoxin production is most generally associated with gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria also produce exotoxins.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Exotoxin production is commonly attributed to gram-positive bacteria, but some gram-negative bacteria are also capable of producing exotoxins. This implies that the statement "While exotoxin production is most generally associated with gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria also produce exotoxins" is true.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Macrophages are phagocytic cells.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are known for their ability to engulf and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria and dead cells, through a process called phagocytosis. This process helps to eliminate potential pathogens and promote tissue repair. Therefore, it is correct to say that macrophages are phagocytic cells.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Fever response can be triggered by an endogenous pyrogen called interleukin-1.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because fever response can indeed be triggered by an endogenous pyrogen called interleukin-1. Interleukin-1 is released by certain cells in the body in response to infection or inflammation, and it acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature. This is a natural defense mechanism of the body to help fight off infections.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Colonization specifically refers to the multiplication of a pathogen on or within a host, and includes the resulting tissue invasion and damage.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The given statement is false. Colonization refers to the establishment and growth of a pathogen on or within a host without causing any tissue invasion or damage. It is a necessary step for infection to occur, but it does not necessarily involve tissue invasion or damage.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Generally, exotoxins tend to be more heat stable than endotoxins.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Exotoxins are typically proteins that are produced and released by certain bacteria. They are heat labile, meaning they can be denatured or destroyed by heat. On the other hand, endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are heat stable. Therefore, the statement that exotoxins tend to be more heat stable than endotoxins is false.Rate this question:
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- 35.
The only organisms to produce endotoxins are gram-negative bacteria.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Gram-negative bacteria are the only organisms known to produce endotoxins. Endotoxins are a component of the outer membrane of these bacteria and are released when the bacteria are destroyed. They can cause a range of harmful effects in the host organism, including fever, inflammation, and in severe cases, septic shock. Gram-positive bacteria, on the other hand, do not produce endotoxins. Therefore, the statement that only gram-negative bacteria produce endotoxins is correct.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Listeria monocytogenes propels itself through mammalian host cells using:
- A.
A modified form of gliding motility.
- B.
Host cell actin and other cytoskeletal proteins.
- C.
Periplasmic flagella.
- D.
Fimbriae based twitching motility.
Correct Answer
B. Host cell actin and other cytoskeletal proteins.Explanation
Listeria monocytogenes propels itself through mammalian host cells using host cell actin and other cytoskeletal proteins. This means that the bacteria utilizes the actin cytoskeleton of the host cell to move and spread within the host. By hijacking the host's cellular machinery, Listeria is able to move and invade different tissues and organs, causing infection. This mechanism of movement is different from gliding motility, periplasmic flagella, and fimbriae-based twitching motility.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The toxic component of lipopolysaccharide is called
- A.
Lipid A.
- B.
Exotoxin
- C.
Hemolysin
- D.
O antigen polysaccharide.
Correct Answer
A. Lipid A.Explanation
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The toxic component of LPS is called lipid A. It is responsible for the endotoxic activity of LPS, causing inflammation and immune response in the host. Lipid A is a potent stimulator of the immune system and can lead to septic shock if released in large amounts into the bloodstream. Therefore, lipid A is the correct answer as it is the toxic component of LPS.Rate this question:
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- 38.
In the case of the AB toxins, the function of the B subunit is to
- A.
Act as a neurotoxin.
- B.
Have enzyme activity that causes toxicity.
- C.
act as a superantigen that stimulates T cells to release cytokines.
- D.
bind to host cell receptor.
Correct Answer
D. bind to host cell receptor.Explanation
The B subunit of AB toxins is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor. This allows the toxin to enter the host cell and exert its toxic effects. The A subunit, on the other hand, is responsible for the toxic activity of the toxin once it has entered the host cell. Therefore, the function of the B subunit is to bind to the host cell receptor, facilitating the entry of the toxin into the cell.Rate this question:
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- 39.
The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include which of the following?
- A.
Pathogenicity
- B.
Invasiveness
- C.
Infectivity
- D.
All of the choices
Correct Answer
D. All of the choicesExplanation
The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include pathogenicity, invasiveness, and infectivity. Pathogenicity refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause disease in a host. Invasiveness refers to the ability of a pathogen to invade and spread within host tissues. Infectivity refers to the ability of a pathogen to establish an infection in a host. All of these characteristics contribute to the overall virulence of a pathogen.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Pathogenicity islands are typically associated with
- A.
Genes encoding tRNA.
- B.
Genes encoding rRNA.
- C.
G+C content similar to the rest of the bacterial genome.
- D.
None of the choices
Correct Answer
A. Genes encoding tRNA.Explanation
Pathogenicity islands are regions of the bacterial genome that are acquired through horizontal gene transfer and are often associated with virulence factors. These islands can contain genes that encode various factors, such as toxins or adhesion molecules, that contribute to the pathogenicity of the bacterium. The presence of genes encoding tRNA within pathogenicity islands is significant because it suggests that these islands were acquired through a specific mechanism known as integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), which utilize tRNA genes as integration sites. Therefore, the correct answer is genes encoding tRNA.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following is not a biological effect associated with endotoxin?
- A.
Coagulation
- B.
Paralysis
- C.
Fever
- D.
Fibrinolysis
Correct Answer
B. ParalysisExplanation
Endotoxins are toxic substances produced by certain bacteria. They can cause various biological effects when they enter the body. Fever is a common effect associated with endotoxin exposure, as it triggers an immune response. Coagulation refers to the process of blood clotting, which can be induced by endotoxins. Fibrinolysis is the breakdown of blood clots, which can also be influenced by endotoxins. However, paralysis is not typically associated with endotoxin exposure. It is more commonly seen in conditions such as spinal cord injuries or certain neurological disorders.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Endotoxin is released when
- A.
gram negative pathogens lyse or divide.
- B.
Cells are starved for iron.
- C.
cells are lysogenic for the beta phage.
- D.
All of the choices
Correct Answer
A. gram negative pathogens lyse or divide.Explanation
Endotoxin is released when gram negative pathogens lyse or divide. This is because endotoxin is a component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. When these bacteria undergo lysis or divide, the outer membrane is disrupted, leading to the release of endotoxin into the surrounding environment. Endotoxin can trigger an immune response and cause inflammation, making it an important virulence factor for gram negative pathogens.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of lipid A?
- A.
heat stable
- B.
toxic in nanogram amounts
- C.
Weakly immunogenic
- D.
Neurotoxic
Correct Answer
D. NeurotoxicExplanation
Lipid A is a component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is known for its heat stability, toxicity in nanogram amounts, and weak immunogenicity. However, neurotoxicity is not a characteristic of lipid A.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Endotoxins include which of the following?
- A.
Diphtheria toxin
- B.
Lipopolysaccharide
- C.
Tetanus toxin
- D.
Botulinum toxin
Correct Answer
B. LipopolysaccharideExplanation
Endotoxins are a type of toxin that are found in the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane and is considered an endotoxin. It is released when the bacteria are destroyed or undergo lysis, causing an immune response in the body. Diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, and botulinum toxin are examples of exotoxins, which are toxins that are secreted by bacteria and released into the surrounding environment. Therefore, the correct answer is lipopolysaccharide.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following lyse erythrocytes to make iron available to pathogens?
- A.
Hyaluronidase
- B.
Collagenase
- C.
Hemolysins
- D.
Coagulase
Correct Answer
C. HemolysinsExplanation
Hemolysins are substances that can lyse or break down erythrocytes (red blood cells) to release iron. Iron is an essential nutrient for many pathogens, so by lysing erythrocytes and releasing iron, hemolysins can make iron available to pathogens. This can enhance the growth and survival of the pathogens, allowing them to cause more damage and infection in the host.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Adherence factors (adhesins) that play a role in infectious diseases caused by gram negative bacteria include all of the following except
- A.
Glycocalyx
- B.
Fimbriae
- C.
Lipoteichoic acid.
- D.
Slime layer.
Correct Answer
C. Lipoteichoic acid.Explanation
Adherence factors, such as glycocalyx, fimbriae, and slime layer, play a role in infectious diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria by allowing them to attach to host cells or surfaces. However, lipoteichoic acid is not found in gram-negative bacteria, but rather in gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, lipoteichoic acid is not an adherence factor for gram-negative bacteria.Rate this question:
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- 47.
An infectious disease process caused by bacterial or fungal toxins in the blood is called
- A.
Septicemia
- B.
Systemic
- C.
Toxemia
- D.
Phytogenic
Correct Answer
A. SepticemiaExplanation
Septicemia is the correct answer because it refers to an infectious disease process caused by bacterial or fungal toxins in the blood. It is characterized by the presence of these toxins in the bloodstream, leading to a systemic inflammatory response and potentially life-threatening complications. Septicemia can occur as a result of various infections, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, or abdominal infections, and requires prompt medical attention and treatment with antibiotics.Rate this question:
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- 48.
By convention, when the word parasite is used without qualification, it often refers to
- A.
A protozoan or helminthic organism.
- B.
Yeast or fungi.
- C.
Bacteria or Archaea.
- D.
Lichens
Correct Answer
A. A protozoan or helminthic organism.Explanation
The word "parasite" is commonly used to refer to a protozoan or helminthic organism. This is because these types of organisms are known to live off and harm their hosts, which is the characteristic of a parasite. Yeast or fungi, bacteria or archaea, and lichens can also be parasites in certain contexts, but the convention is to refer to protozoans or helminths when using the term "parasite" without qualification.Rate this question:
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