CHAPTER 3 & 5
Strict anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Aerotolerant organisms
Strict aerobes
All of the above
TCA-6
TCA-3
TCA-8
TCA-2
TCA-4
20-24
30-32
36-38
38-40
0-100
Flavoproteins
Iron-sulfur proteins
Copper-nickel compounds
Coenzyme Q
Cytochromes
Glucose is transformed into sucrose
Glucose is converted to acetyl CoA to make body fat
Glucose is used to synthesize glycogen
Glucose is catabolized to carbon dioxide and water
Glucose is converted to lactate
CO2
Sucrose
Ethanol
NAD+
Lactate
Catabolic
Anabolic
Amphibolic
Synthesis
Aerobic
Cytochrome b
Cytochrome a
Coenzyme Q
Iron-sulfur proteins
Iron-copper proteins
6;4
2;4
2;1
4;1
4;2
NADH is capable of pumping ions during glycolysis
NADH is used primarily in substrate-level
Phosphorylation
NAD+ is used to carry electrons
NADH is used to produce energy by directly creating the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP
Pyruvic acid causes muscle pain.
Carbon dioxide is building up in muscle and changing the pH.
ADP is accumulating, which produces a burning sensation.
Proteins are being digested to provide energy
Without oxygen, pyruvate is being converted to lactic acid.
It serves as an electron source for biological oxidation
It is derived from vitamin E
It is a coenzyme
It represents the reduced form of niacin
It releases an adenosine to become NADH
3
6
12
10
8
They are needed to provide energy for muscle contraction
They give the muscle enough elasticity to contract.
They are needed to repair damaged tissue that accumulates during exercise
Bones and muscles require a great deal of energy to prevent them from separating
The flow of blood is greatest in skeletal muscle
When passing the mitochondrial cristae
In the cellular cytosol
In the mitochondrial matrix
When passing through the mitochondrial outer membrane
In the intermembrane space
Muscle contraction
Regulating cytosol Ca2+ ion concentration
ATP manufacture
ADP manufacture
Control of membrane fusion
They allow the mitochondria to shrink
They greatly increase the surface area for aerobic respiration machinery
They confer resiliency on the cells
They allow swelling of mitochondria
They activate the matrix
0
13
26
52
78
The presence of porins in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the bacterial plasma membrane
The presence of cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the bacterial plasma membrane
The absence of cholesterol from the inner mitochondrial membrane and the bacterial plasma membrane
B and c
A, b and c
Amoeba
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic protests
Photosynthetic bacteria
B and d
They are converted to carbohydrates
They are converted to CO2
They are converted to glucose
They are converted to ATP
They are converted to carbon monoxide (CO)
H2
NH3
O2
H2O
A, b and d
0
13
26
52
78
Acetate
Coenzyme G
Coenzyme A
Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate
Oxaloacetate
Succinate dehydrogenase
Succinate
Succinyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
In the intermembrane or intercristal space
On the cristae
On the ribosomes
In the soluble phase of the mitochondrial matrix
Citric acid
Oxaloacetate
Succinate
-ketoglutarate
Isocitric acid
It makes oxidized coenzymes
It makes reduced coenzymes
It makes ATP (GTP)
It contributes metabolites to and accepts metabolites from other metabolic pathways
Water
O2
CO2
CO
CO3
Osmosis
Diffusion
Chemiosmosis
Frusion
Facilitated diffusion
By generating a heat gradient
By generating an ionic (electrochemical) gradient
By generating a Cl- ion gradient
By generating a voltage-gated channel
By producing heat
Strong oxidizing agents
Strong elucidating agents
Strong reducing agents
Weak eliminating agents
Weak reducing agents
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Ubiquinone
Ubiquinol
Ubiquinde
Ubisemiquinone
Ubiquinate
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Water
Carbon monoxide
Oxygen
Concentration, electrical
Concentration, acidic
Acidic, electrical
Concentration, basic
Acidic, basic
Use PNP
Use DNP
Use NPP
Use 2,4-dinitrophenol
Uncouplins
Uncouplases
Uncoupling proteins
UCPs
Channel that conducts protons from the intermembrane space back to the matrix.
Enzyme that synthesizes ATP
Enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP
Proton pump
Channel that conducts protons from the matrix back to the intermembrane space
Attach the phosphate group to ATP
Attach the phosphate group to ADP
Release the tightly bound ATP from the ATP synthase catalytic site
Move protons against their gradient
Attach the tightly bound ATP to the ATP synthase
5
6
3
1
2
Very loosely binds ADP and an inorganic phosphate group
Has a very low affinity for nucleotides
Has a very low affinity for proteins
Binds ATP, ADP and inorganic phosphate groups tightly
A and e
Binds ATP, ADP and inorganic phosphate groups tightly
Has a very low affinity for nucleotides
Loosely binds AMP and inorganic phosphate groups
Loosely binds ADP and inorganic phosphate groups
Has a very low affinity for proteins
Rotational catalysis
Revolutionary catalysis
Rotatalysis
Turning catalysis
Revolalysis
Proton movement from the matrix to the intermembrane space
ATP hydrolysis
Proton movement from intermembrane space to the matrix
ATP condensation
Have different substrate binding affinities
Have different product binding affinities
At any one time are present in different conformations
Do not pass sequentially through their three different conformations
ADP hydrolysis
Na+ ion gradient
Ca2+ gradient
Proton-motive force
K+ ion gradient
ATP levels are high
ATP synthesis is low
ATP levels are low
Protons are unable to reenter the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase
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