Cardiovascular Physiology

1.

The ventricular myocardium expends energy to fill during diastole.

A.

True
B.

False

Correct Answer
B. False

Explanation
The heart, like all other muscles in the body, expends energy and does work by contracting. It cannot expend energy to do mechanical work by forcibly elongating its fibers to suck in a volume of blood.

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2.

Which one of the following clinical signs is associated with underlying cardiac or pulmonary pathology?

A.

Icterus
B.

Unilateral pedal oedema
C.

Clubbing
D.

Peripheral cyanosis

Correct Answer
C. Clubbing

Explanation
Icterus is a sign of jaundice. Pedal oedema due to cardiac failure is bilateral. Cyanosis is central or mixed( i.e. both central and peripheral) in cardiac or pulmonary disease.Clubbing is usually associated with underlying cardiac or pulmonary disease where the blood levels of oxygen are chronically low. However, the sign is not specific as there are reports of clubbing that is familial.

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3.

A ....................... murmur is heard between the first and second heart sounds.

Correct Answer
systolic

Explanation
The first heart sound is due to the closure of the atrioventricular valves, following which the ventricles contract to eject blood into the great vessels. At the end of this ejection phase, the semilunar valves close and give rise to the second heart sound.

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4.

Jugular venous pulsations are looked for in the .................. vein.

Correct Answer
internal jugular

5.

Which of the following is the stimulus for increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A.

Increased blood plasma osmolality
B.

Decreased blood plasma osmolality
C.

. increased systemic arterial pressure
D.

. increased venous blood volume and atrial pressure
E.

. increased cardiac contractility (force of contraction)

Correct Answer
D. . increased venous blood volume and atrial pressure