CAPP Nervous System - Spinal Cord - Week 3
CAPP Nervous System - Spinal Cord - Week 3
Questions and Answers
- 1.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the body?
- A.
7
- B.
12
- C.
25
- D.
31
Correct Answer
D. 31Explanation
The correct answer is 31 because there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the body. The spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system and they originate from the spinal cord. They are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. Each pair of spinal nerves is named according to the region of the spine from which it originates, such as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Spinal cord runs from:
- A.
Foramen magnum to coccyx
- B.
C7 to L2
- C.
Foamen magnum to L2
- D.
C7 to coccyx
Correct Answer
C. Foamen magnum to L2Explanation
The correct answer is "foamen magnum to L2". The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the base of the brain (foramen magnum) to the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2). It is protected by the vertebrae of the spinal column and plays a crucial role in transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Numerous roots of spinal nerves extending below L2 is called:
- A.
Filum terminate
- B.
Cauda equina
- C.
Lumbrosacral enlargement
- D.
Conus medullaris
Correct Answer
B. Cauda equinaExplanation
The correct answer is cauda equina. The cauda equina is a bundle of nerve roots that extend from the bottom of the spinal cord, below the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2). It is named after its resemblance to a horse's tail. The cauda equina is responsible for transmitting nerve signals to and from the lower extremities and pelvic organs.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Connective tissue that encircles the spinal cord and brain:
- A.
Filum terminate
- B.
Vertebrae
- C.
Meninges
- D.
CSF
Correct Answer
C. MeningesExplanation
The correct answer is meninges. The meninges are a protective connective tissue that surrounds and encircles the spinal cord and brain. They consist of three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The meninges help to cushion and protect the central nervous system from injury and provide support for the blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Connective tissue strand that anchors the conus medullaris to the first coccygeal segment:
- A.
Filum terminate
- B.
Meninges
- C.
CSF
- D.
Vertebrae
Correct Answer
A. Filum terminateExplanation
The correct answer is "filum terminale." The filum terminale is a connective tissue strand that extends from the conus medullaris (the tapered end of the spinal cord) to the first coccygeal segment. It helps to anchor the spinal cord in place within the vertebral column. The meninges are the protective membranes surrounding the spinal cord, CSF refers to cerebrospinal fluid, and vertebrae are the individual bones that make up the spinal column.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Most superficial and thickest layer of meninges is called:
- A.
Epidural
- B.
Arachnoid
- C.
Pia mater
- D.
Dura mater
Correct Answer
D. Dura materExplanation
The correct answer is dura mater. The dura mater is the most superficial and thickest layer of the meninges. It is a tough and fibrous membrane that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is located just beneath the skull and vertebral column and provides structural support and protection to the central nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Directly adheres to the spinal cord:
- A.
Epidural
- B.
Arachnoid
- C.
Pia mater
- D.
Dura mater
Correct Answer
C. Pia materExplanation
The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges that directly adheres to the spinal cord. It is a thin and delicate membrane that provides protection and support to the spinal cord. The arachnoid and dura mater are also layers of the meninges, but they do not directly adhere to the spinal cord. The epidural space is located outside the dura mater and contains fat and blood vessels.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Contains CSF:
- A.
Epidural space
- B.
Subdural space
- C.
Subarachnoid space
- D.
Epiarachnoid space
Correct Answer
C. Subarachnoid spaceExplanation
The subarachnoid space is the correct answer because it is the only space listed that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is found in the subarachnoid space, which is located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, two of the three layers of the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. The other spaces listed, such as the epidural space, subdural space, and epiarachnoid space, do not contain CSF.Rate this question:
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- 9.
All of the following are true regarding a spinal tap EXCEPT:
- A.
Remove CSF to diagnose or administer drugs
- B.
Patient can get up 15 minutes after procedure
- C.
Patient must lay still for 30 minutes minimum
- D.
Puncture is at L3/L4 or L4/L5 subarachnoid space
Correct Answer
B. Patient can get up 15 minutes after procedureExplanation
A spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture, is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the lower back to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic purposes or to administer medications. After the procedure, it is important for the patient to lay still for a minimum of 30 minutes to prevent complications such as headaches. Therefore, the statement "patient can get up 15 minutes after the procedure" is not true.Rate this question:
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- 10.
This reflex monitors muscle length and prevents overstretching:
- A.
Stretch reflex
- B.
Tendon reflex
- C.
Flexor reflex
- D.
Crossed extensor reflex
Correct Answer
A. Stretch reflexExplanation
The stretch reflex is a type of reflex that monitors muscle length and prevents overstretching. When a muscle is stretched, sensory receptors called muscle spindles detect the change in muscle length and send signals to the spinal cord. The spinal cord then sends signals back to the muscle, causing it to contract and prevent further stretching. This reflex helps to maintain muscle tone and protect the body from injuries caused by overstretching.Rate this question:
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- 11.
This reflex protects tendons and muscles from excessive tension:
- A.
Stretch reflex
- B.
Tendon reflex
- C.
Flexor reflex
- D.
Crossed extensor reflex
Correct Answer
B. Tendon reflexExplanation
The tendon reflex is the correct answer because it is a reflex that protects tendons and muscles from excessive tension. When a tendon is stretched, sensory receptors in the tendon send signals to the spinal cord, which then triggers a reflex contraction of the muscle attached to that tendon. This reflex helps prevent damage to the tendon and muscle by reducing tension and maintaining stability.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Protects against limb injury (withdrawl):
- A.
Stretch reflex
- B.
Tendon reflex
- C.
Flexor reflex
- D.
Crossed extensor reflex
Correct Answer
C. Flexor reflexExplanation
The flexor reflex is a protective mechanism that helps to prevent limb injury. When a painful stimulus is detected, the flexor reflex causes the muscles on the affected side of the body to contract, pulling the limb away from the source of the pain. This reflexive withdrawal response helps to protect the limb from potential damage or injury.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Maintain balance:
- A.
Stretch reflex
- B.
Tendon reflex
- C.
Flexor reflex
- D.
Crossed extensor reflex
Correct Answer
D. Crossed extensor reflexExplanation
The crossed extensor reflex is a reflex action that occurs in response to a painful stimulus. It involves the contraction of muscles on one side of the body and the relaxation of muscles on the opposite side. This reflex helps to maintain balance and stability by allowing the body to shift its weight and support itself when one side is injured or in pain.Rate this question:
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- 14.
All of the following are true about spinal nerves EXCEPT:
- A.
Paths of communication between the spinal cord and most of the body
- B.
Each pair rises from a spinal segment
- C.
Are sensory only
- D.
Are part of the PNS
Correct Answer
C. Are sensory onlyExplanation
Spinal nerves are not sensory only. They are responsible for both sensory and motor functions, serving as pathways of communication between the spinal cord and most of the body. Each pair of spinal nerves rises from a specific spinal segment and they are also part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).Rate this question:
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- 15.
Braid of nerves:
- A.
Reflex
- B.
Plexus
- C.
Epineuron
- D.
Receptor
Correct Answer
B. PlexusExplanation
A braid of nerves refers to a complex network of nerves that intersect and merge together, forming a plexus. A plexus is a dense cluster of nerves that allows for the exchange of information between different parts of the body. This interconnected network of nerves enables the transmission of signals and coordination of various bodily functions. Therefore, plexus is the most suitable answer as it accurately describes the structure and function of a braid of nerves.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Phrenic nerve innervates:
- A.
Diaphragm
- B.
Lungs
- C.
Posterior head
- D.
Neck
Correct Answer
A. DiaphragmExplanation
The phrenic nerve is responsible for innervating the diaphragm. It is the main nerve that controls the movement of the diaphragm, which is the primary muscle involved in breathing. The diaphragm contracts and relaxes to allow for inhalation and exhalation of air. Therefore, it is correct to say that the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Innervates the upper limbs, neck, and shoulder muscles:
- A.
Cervical plexus
- B.
Brachial plexus
- C.
Sacral plexus
- D.
Humeral plexus
Correct Answer
B. Brachial plexusExplanation
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the cervical spine and innervates the upper limbs, neck, and shoulder muscles. It is responsible for providing motor and sensory function to these areas. The other options listed are not correct because they do not innervate the specific regions mentioned in the question.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Innervates the butt, perineum, and lower limbs:
- A.
Sacral plexus
- B.
Lumbar plexus
- C.
Femoral plexus
- D.
Thoracic plexus
Correct Answer
A. Sacral plexusExplanation
The sacral plexus is responsible for innervating the butt, perineum, and lower limbs. This plexus is formed by the spinal nerves from the sacral region of the spinal cord. It gives rise to several major nerves, including the sciatic nerve, which is the largest nerve in the body and provides sensory and motor innervation to the posterior thigh, leg, and foot. Therefore, the sacral plexus is the correct answer in this case.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Damage to the spinal cord above the origin of the phrenic nerve may cause:
- A.
Heart attacks
- B.
Inability to swallow
- C.
Respiratory failure
- D.
Inability to move
Correct Answer
C. Respiratory failureExplanation
Damage to the spinal cord above the origin of the phrenic nerve may cause respiratory failure. The phrenic nerve controls the diaphragm, the main muscle involved in breathing. If the spinal cord is damaged above the origin of this nerve, the signals from the brain to the diaphragm may be disrupted, leading to a loss of control over breathing. This can result in respiratory failure, where the body is unable to get enough oxygen and remove carbon dioxide effectively. Heart attacks, inability to swallow, and inability to move are not directly related to damage above the origin of the phrenic nerve.Rate this question:
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- 20.
A dermatome:
- A.
Is the area of skin supplied by a pair of spinal nerves
- B.
Exists for each spinal nerve except C1
- C.
Can be used to locate the site of spinal cord or nerve root damage
- D.
All of the above are correct
Correct Answer
D. All of the above are correctExplanation
A dermatome is the area of skin that is supplied by a specific pair of spinal nerves. It exists for each spinal nerve except C1. Dermatomes can be used to locate the site of spinal cord or nerve root damage. Therefore, all of the given statements are correct.Rate this question:
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- 21.
A myotome is:
- A.
Nerve to muscle
- B.
Nerve to skin
- C.
Provides sensory information
Correct Answer
A. Nerve to muscleExplanation
A myotome refers to a nerve that is responsible for innervating or supplying a specific muscle or group of muscles. It carries signals from the spinal cord to the muscle, enabling voluntary muscle movement. This is different from a dermatome, which is a nerve that provides sensory information to a specific area of skin. Therefore, the correct answer is "nerve to muscle."Rate this question:
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- 22.
Destruction of motor nerves and caused by poliovirus:
- A.
Poliomyelitis
- B.
Meningitis
- C.
Shingles
- D.
Encephalitis
Correct Answer
A. PoliomyelitisExplanation
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a viral infection that specifically targets and destroys motor nerves. It is caused by the poliovirus. This virus attacks the nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and even death in severe cases. Meningitis, shingles, and encephalitis are all different conditions that involve inflammation or infection of the brain or spinal cord, but they are not specifically associated with the destruction of motor nerves caused by the poliovirus.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Can be caused by a viral infection from mosquitos:
- A.
Poliomyelitis
- B.
Meningitis
- C.
Shingles
- D.
Encephalitis
Correct Answer
D. EncephalitisExplanation
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain, which can be caused by a viral infection transmitted by mosquitos. The virus enters the body through a mosquito bite and then spreads to the brain, causing inflammation. This can lead to symptoms such as fever, headache, confusion, and in severe cases, seizures or coma. Therefore, encephalitis is the correct answer as it is a condition that can be caused by a viral infection from mosquitos.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Inflammation of meninges covering the brain and spinal cord:
- A.
Poliomyelitis
- B.
Meningitis
- C.
Shingles
- D.
Encephalitis
Correct Answer
B. MeningitisExplanation
Meningitis refers to the inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This condition can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or viral infections. Symptoms of meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. Prompt medical attention is crucial as meningitis can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition if left untreated.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Caused by herpes zoster virus:
- A.
Polio
- B.
Meningitis
- C.
Shingles
- D.
Neuritis
Correct Answer
C. ShinglesExplanation
Shingles is caused by the herpes zoster virus. It is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. The virus is the same one that causes chickenpox. After a person has had chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate later in life, causing shingles. The rash typically appears as a strip of blisters on one side of the body and can be accompanied by pain, itching, and tingling. Shingles is not the same as polio, meningitis, or neuritis, which are caused by different factors.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Compression of median nerve caused by trauma or edema:
- A.
Sciatica
- B.
Foot drop
- C.
Crutch palsy
- D.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Correct Answer
D. Carpal tunnel syndromeExplanation
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition in which the median nerve, which runs through the carpal tunnel in the wrist, becomes compressed. This compression can occur due to trauma or edema, causing symptoms such as pain, tingling, and numbness in the hand and fingers. The other options listed, sciatica, foot drop, and crutch palsy, are unrelated to the compression of the median nerve in the wrist.Rate this question:
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- 27.
All of the following are nerves of the brachial plexus EXCEPT:
- A.
Phrenic
- B.
Musculotaneous
- C.
Radial
- D.
Axillary
Correct Answer
A. PhrenicExplanation
The phrenic nerve is not a nerve of the brachial plexus. It arises from the cervical spine and innervates the diaphragm, playing a crucial role in breathing. The musculotaneous, radial, and axillary nerves, on the other hand, are all branches of the brachial plexus. The musculotaneous nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm, the radial nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm, and the axillary nerve innervates the shoulder joint and deltoid muscle.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Inability to extend the leg is damage to the:
- A.
Sciatic nerve
- B.
Femoral nerve
- C.
Tibial nerve
- D.
Common peroneal nerve
Correct Answer
B. Femoral nerveExplanation
Damage to the femoral nerve can result in an inability to extend the leg. The femoral nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles that extend the leg at the knee joint. If this nerve is damaged, the muscles it supplies may not receive the necessary signals to contract, leading to a loss of leg extension.Rate this question:
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- 29.
The following is the correct order of the reflex arc:
- A.
Receptor, motor neuron, integrated center, sensory neuron, effector
- B.
+ sensory neuron, receptor, integrated center, motor neuron, effector
- C.
Receptor, sensory neuron, integrated center, motor neuron, effector
- D.
Receptor, effector, integrated center, sensory neuron, motor neuron
Correct Answer
C. Receptor, sensory neuron, integrated center, motor neuron, effectorExplanation
The correct order of the reflex arc is receptor, sensory neuron, integrated center, motor neuron, effector. This is because the receptor detects the stimulus, which is then transmitted to the sensory neuron. The sensory neuron carries the signal to the integrated center, where the decision to respond is made. The integrated center then sends the signal to the motor neuron, which in turn activates the effector, causing a response.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Pain radiating down the back of the leg, usually caused by a herniated disc:
- A.
Sciatica
- B.
Neuritis
- C.
Stroke
- D.
Crutch palsy
Correct Answer
A. SciaticaExplanation
Sciatica is the correct answer because it refers to pain that radiates down the back of the leg, which is a common symptom of a herniated disc. A herniated disc occurs when the soft inner material of a spinal disc pushes out through a tear in the outer layer, causing compression and irritation of the nearby nerves. This compression often leads to pain, numbness, and tingling that travels down the leg, which is known as sciatica. Neuritis is inflammation of a nerve, stroke is a medical condition involving the interruption of blood flow to the brain, and crutch palsy is a condition caused by prolonged pressure on the nerves while using crutches.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Proper order of protection of the spinal cord from superficial to deep:
- A.
Epidural, dura mater, subarachnoid, arachnoid, pia mater
- B.
Epidural, pia mater, arachnoid, subdural, dura mater, subarachnoid
- C.
Epidural, dura mater, subdural, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia mater
- D.
Epidural, dura mater, subdural, pia mater, arachnoid, subarachnoid
Correct Answer
C. Epidural, dura mater, subdural, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia materExplanation
The correct answer is "epidural, dura mater, subdural, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia mater." This is the proper order of protection of the spinal cord from superficial to deep. The epidural layer is the outermost layer, followed by the dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid layer, subarachnoid space, and finally the innermost layer, the pia mater. This order ensures that the spinal cord is well protected by multiple layers.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Wraps the entire nerve:
- A.
Perineuron
- B.
Endoneuron
- C.
Fascicle
- D.
Epineuron
Correct Answer
D. EpineuronExplanation
The correct answer is "epineuron." The term "epineuron" refers to the outermost layer of connective tissue that wraps around the entire nerve. It provides protection and support to the nerve fibers within.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Wraps individual axons:
- A.
Perineuron
- B.
Endoneuron
- C.
Fascicle
- D.
Epineuron
Correct Answer
B. EndoneuronExplanation
The correct answer is "endoneuron." An endoneuron refers to a connective tissue sheath that wraps around individual axons. It provides support and protection to the axons, helping to maintain their structural integrity.Rate this question:
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- 34.
There are ____________ pairs of spinal nerves in the cervical region:
- A.
8
- B.
7
- C.
5
- D.
12
Correct Answer
A. 8Explanation
In the cervical region of the spine, there are 8 pairs of spinal nerves. These spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and exit the vertebral column through openings in the cervical vertebrae. Each pair of spinal nerves is responsible for transmitting sensory and motor signals to and from different parts of the body.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Supplies skin, muscles of posterior head, neck, and diaphragm:
- A.
Brachial plexus
- B.
Cervical plexus
- C.
Cranial nerve
- D.
Median nerve
Correct Answer
B. Cervical plexusExplanation
The cervical plexus supplies the skin, muscles of the posterior head, neck, and diaphragm.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Name a
Correct Answer
receptor - 37.
Name b
Correct Answer
sensory neuronExplanation
A sensory neuron is a type of neuron that transmits sensory information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system. It is responsible for detecting stimuli from the external environment or internal body and converting it into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain. This type of neuron is specialized in receiving and transmitting sensory information such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure. Therefore, a sensory neuron is the correct answer for this question.Rate this question:
- 38.
Name c
Correct Answer
integrating center - 39.
Name d
Correct Answer
effector - 40.
Name e
Correct Answer
motor neuron
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