Antibiotic Review Part 1
Antibiotic review for pharmacothreapy suitable for a pharm D level
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Which class of drugs fits this description " Activity against gram +, gram -, and some anaerobes. Split into 4 generations and has toxicity very similar to penicillin".
- A.
Aminoglycosides
- B.
Amino-penicillin
- C.
Cephalosporins
- D.
Carbapenems
Correct Answer
C. CephalosporinsExplanation
Key is the 4 generationsRate this question:
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- 2.
One advantage Cephalosporins is?
- A.
Less expensive
- B.
Has high efficacy against enterococcus sp.
- C.
Not affected by resistant mechanisms
- D.
Dosed less frequently
Correct Answer
D. Dosed less frequentlyExplanation
Other choices are all disadvantagesRate this question:
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- 3.
Cephalexin is an example of what generation cephalosporins?
- A.
Generation 1
- B.
Generation 2
- C.
Generation 3
- D.
Generation 4
Correct Answer
A. Generation 1Explanation
Cephalexin belongs to the first generation of cephalosporins. These are the oldest and most widely used cephalosporins. They have a broad spectrum of activity against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. First-generation cephalosporins are commonly used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and respiratory tract infections.Rate this question:
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- 4.
This 1st generation cephalosporin is generally seen in the pre-op room because it is good for surgical prophylaxis
- A.
Cephalexin
- B.
Cefotaxime
- C.
Cefazolin
- D.
Cefotetan
Correct Answer
C. CefazolinExplanation
Choice A not the correct first generation, choice b is a 3rd generation, choice D is 2 generationRate this question:
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- 5.
True or false 1st generation cephalosporins are good for infections of the CNS
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
1st generation have poor CNS penetration.Rate this question:
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- 6.
This cephalosporin is good alternative to a patient with a nafcillin allergy? (adjusted for renal dysfunction)
- A.
Cephalexin
- B.
Cefazolin
- C.
Cefuroxime
- D.
Cefaclor
Correct Answer
B. CefazolinExplanation
Cefazolin is a good alternative to a patient with a nafcillin allergy because it belongs to the same class of antibiotics called cephalosporins. Cefazolin has a similar mechanism of action and spectrum of activity as nafcillin, making it effective against a wide range of bacterial infections. Additionally, it is adjusted for renal dysfunction, meaning it can be safely used in patients with impaired kidney function. Cephalexin, cefuroxime, and cefaclor are also cephalosporins, but they may not be as effective or suitable for patients with a nafcillin allergy or renal dysfunction.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following are 2ed generation cephalosporin?
- A.
Cefaclor
- B.
Cefotetan
- C.
Cefuroxime
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the listed options - Cefaclor, Cefotetan, and Cefuroxime - are second-generation cephalosporins. Second-generation cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria. They have an extended spectrum of activity compared to first-generation cephalosporins and are commonly used to treat respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. Therefore, all of the listed options qualify as second-generation cephalosporins.Rate this question:
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- 8.
What 2ed generation cephalosporin is used for upper respiratory infections, UTIs, and skin/skin structure infections?
- A.
Cefuroxime
- B.
Cefoxitin
- C.
Cefotetan
- D.
Cefmetazole
Correct Answer
A. CefuroximeExplanation
Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin that is commonly used to treat upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and skin/skin structure infections. It is effective against a wide range of bacteria and is often prescribed when a more broad-spectrum antibiotic is needed. Cefuroxime works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and preventing them from multiplying, thereby helping to clear the infection. It is available in various forms, including tablets, injections, and suspensions, making it suitable for different patient populations and treatment settings.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which of the following are considered cefamycins due to there effectiveness against the anaerobic bacteria B. fragilis
- A.
Cefotetan
- B.
Cefoxitin
- C.
Cefmetazole
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the listed antibiotics (cefotetan, cefoxitin, and cefmetazole) are considered cefamycins because they have been found to be effective against the anaerobic bacteria B. fragilis.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Sally Mcfatten is finally getting the gastric bypass she has always wanted what would be a good cephalosporin to use before her surgery for prophylaxis.
- A.
Cefazolin
- B.
Cefotetan
- C.
Cefuroxime
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. CefotetanExplanation
Cefotetan would be a good cephalosporin to use before Sally Mcfatten's gastric bypass surgery for prophylaxis. This is because cefotetan is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including those commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. It is commonly used for surgical prophylaxis in procedures involving the gastrointestinal system, making it a suitable choice for Sally's surgery. Cefazolin and cefuroxime are also cephalosporins commonly used for surgical prophylaxis, but cefotetan is a better choice in this case.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following is/are examples of 3rd generation cephalosporins?
- A.
Cefotaxime
- B.
Ceftriaxone
- C.
Ceftazidime
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the given options, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Ceftazidime, are examples of 3rd generation cephalosporins. This means that they belong to the third generation of cephalosporin antibiotics, which are known for their broad spectrum of activity against various bacteria. These drugs are commonly used to treat a wide range of infections caused by susceptible bacteria.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which 3rd generation cephalosporin is the drug of choice for S. pneumoniae
- A.
Ceftriaxone
- B.
Ceftazidime
- C.
Cefixime
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. CeftriaxoneExplanation
Ceftriaxone is the drug of choice for S. pneumoniae because it is a 3rd generation cephalosporin that has excellent activity against this bacteria. It has a broad spectrum of activity and is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, including S. pneumoniae. Ceftriaxone is often used for the treatment of severe infections caused by S. pneumoniae, such as pneumonia and meningitis, due to its high efficacy and ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Ceftazidime and cefixime are also 3rd generation cephalosporins, but they are not the drug of choice for S. pneumoniae.Rate this question:
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- 13.
What cephalosporin would be a good choice for someone with a CNS infection?
- A.
Ceftriaxone
- B.
Cephalexin
- C.
Cefazolin
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. CeftriaxoneExplanation
Ceftriaxone would be a good choice for someone with a CNS infection because it is a third-generation cephalosporin that has excellent penetration into the central nervous system. It is effective against a wide range of bacteria and has a long half-life, allowing for once-daily dosing. Cephalexin and Cefazolin are first-generation cephalosporins that have limited penetration into the CNS and may not be as effective in treating CNS infections. Therefore, Ceftriaxone is the best choice among the options given.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Ceftazidime is the only 3rd generation cephalosporin with activity against what organism
- A.
MSSA
- B.
MRSA
- C.
Pseudomonas
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. PseudomonasExplanation
Ceftazidime is the only 3rd generation cephalosporin that is effective against Pseudomonas. MSSA and MRSA are not susceptible to ceftazidime, making Pseudomonas the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Cefepime is in what generation of cephalosporins?
- A.
Generation 1
- B.
Generation 2
- C.
Generation 3
- D.
Generation 4
Correct Answer
D. Generation 4Explanation
Cefepime belongs to the fourth generation of cephalosporins. This generation of cephalosporins is known for its extended spectrum of activity against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Fourth-generation cephalosporins are often used to treat severe infections, such as hospital-acquired pneumonia and complicated urinary tract infections. Cefepime, being a fourth-generation cephalosporin, has an increased resistance to beta-lactamases, making it effective against many bacteria that have developed resistance to earlier generations of cephalosporins.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Cefepime has activity against what microbes?
- A.
Pseudomonas
- B.
MSSA
- C.
S. epidermidis
- D.
Choice A and B
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Cefepime is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of microbes, including Pseudomonas, MSSA (Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus), and S. epidermidis. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as cefepime can target and kill these different types of bacteria.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem and Doripenem all belong to what class of antibiotic?
- A.
Aminoglycocide
- B.
Carbapenems
- C.
Macrolides
- D.
Fluoroquinolones
Correct Answer
B. CarbapenemsExplanation
Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, and Doripenem all belong to the class of antibiotics called Carbapenems. Carbapenems are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They are often used as a last resort for treating serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Carbapenems work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to the death of the bacteria.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which drug falls under the description " extremely broad spectrum activity including gram +, gram -, anaerobes and considered in serious nosocomial infections".
- A.
Imipenem
- B.
Vancomycin
- C.
Aztreonam
- D.
Linezolid
Correct Answer
A. ImipenemExplanation
Imipenem falls under the description of having extremely broad spectrum activity, including gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria. It is also considered in serious nosocomial infections.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Why is Imipenem co-formulated with cilastatin?
- A.
To enhance the effect of the drug
- B.
To inhibit the tubular excretion of the drug
- C.
To increase the drugs bioavailability
- D.
To inhibit dehydropeptidase-1
Correct Answer
D. To inhibit dehydropeptidase-1Explanation
This helps to decrease the production of a nephrotoxic metaboliteRate this question:
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- 20.
True or False when using a carbapenem it is necisaary to dose adjust with CrCl <50ml/min
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
When using a carbapenem, it is necessary to dose adjust with CrClRate this question:
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- 21.
Which drug class has no effect against gram + organisms
- A.
Vancomycin
- B.
Aztreonam
- C.
Aminoglycosides
- D.
Carbapenem
Correct Answer
B. AztreonamExplanation
Aztreonam is the correct answer because it belongs to a drug class called monobactams, which are specifically effective against gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, which makes them less susceptible to the action of aztreonam. Therefore, aztreonam has no effect against gram-positive organisms. Vancomycin, aminoglycosides, and carbapenem, on the other hand, are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which type of beta lactam allergy is due to the formation of immune complexes?
- A.
Type 1
- B.
Type 2
- C.
Type 3
- D.
Type 4
Correct Answer
C. Type 3Explanation
Type 3 beta lactam allergy is due to the formation of immune complexes. In this type of allergy, the body's immune system produces antibodies in response to beta lactam antibiotics. These antibodies then bind to the drug, forming immune complexes. These immune complexes can circulate throughout the body and deposit in various tissues, leading to an inflammatory response. This type of allergy typically manifests as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, occurring hours to days after exposure to the drug. Symptoms can vary and may include skin rashes, fever, joint pain, and organ damage.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which type of beta lactam allergy is due to a IgE mediated response?
- A.
Type 1
- B.
Type 2
- C.
Type 3
- D.
Type 4
Correct Answer
A. Type 1Explanation
Type 1 beta lactam allergy is due to an IgE mediated response. This means that the allergic reaction is triggered by the production of IgE antibodies in response to exposure to beta lactam antibiotics. These antibodies then bind to mast cells and basophils, causing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators, leading to symptoms such as hives, itching, and anaphylaxis.Rate this question:
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- 24.
True or false patients with beta lactam allergies have the greatest cross reactivity with 3rd generation cephalosporins
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
It is with 1st generationRate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating MRSA infections?
- A.
Vancomycin
- B.
Tobramycin
- C.
Gentamicin
- D.
Linezolid
Correct Answer
A. VancomycinExplanation
Vancomycin is the drug of choice for treating MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections. MRSA is a type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin. Vancomycin is effective against MRSA because it works by inhibiting the growth of the bacteria. It is considered the drug of choice because it is one of the few antibiotics that can effectively treat MRSA infections. Tobramycin and gentamicin are aminoglycoside antibiotics that are not typically used as first-line treatment for MRSA. Linezolid is an alternative treatment for MRSA, but vancomycin is generally preferred.Rate this question:
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- 26.
What is the drug of choice for coagulase - staphylococci?
- A.
Gentamicin
- B.
Aztreonam
- C.
Vancomycin
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. VancomycinExplanation
Vancomycin is the drug of choice for coagulase-staphylococci because it is effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other coagulase-positive staphylococci. It is a glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis, making it effective against Gram-positive bacteria. Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is more commonly used for Gram-negative infections. Aztreonam is a monobactam antibiotic that is effective against Gram-negative bacteria but not effective against Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is Vancomycin.Rate this question:
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- 27.
True or False Vancomycin is the drug of choice for MSSA infections
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Vancomycin is not the drug of choice for MSSA (Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus) infections. While vancomycin can be used to treat MSSA infections, it is not the preferred first-line treatment. Beta-lactam antibiotics, such as oxacillin or nafcillin, are typically recommended as the drug of choice for MSSA infections. Vancomycin is usually reserved for cases where the patient is allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics or when the infection is resistant to other treatments. Therefore, the statement "Vancomycin is the drug of choice for MSSA infections" is false.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Oral forms of vancomycin is used for the treatment of what type of infection
- A.
MRSA
- B.
VRE
- C.
MSSA
- D.
C. Diff
Correct Answer
D. C. DiffExplanation
Oral forms of vancomycin are used for the treatment of C. Diff (Clostridium difficile) infection. C. Diff is a type of bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the colon and severe diarrhea. Vancomycin is an antibiotic that is effective against C. Diff, and it can be administered orally to target the infection in the gastrointestinal tract. This form of treatment helps to eradicate the C. Diff bacteria and alleviate the symptoms associated with the infection.Rate this question:
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- 29.
When using vancomycin it is important to consider what lab result when calculating a dose?
- A.
Serum Cr
- B.
BUN
- C.
Urine output
- D.
K+ levels
Correct Answer
A. Serum CrExplanation
When using vancomycin, it is important to consider the serum creatinine (Serum Cr) lab result when calculating a dose. This is because vancomycin is primarily eliminated from the body through the kidneys, and serum creatinine levels are an indicator of kidney function. By considering the serum creatinine level, healthcare professionals can adjust the dose of vancomycin to ensure that it is safe and effective for the patient.Rate this question:
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