Ant100 Module 3 Knowledge Check

Explanation
An autoimmune disease occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly identifies its own healthy cells as foreign invaders and launches an immune response against them. This results in chronic inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues. Unlike a depressive disorder, which primarily affects mood, an autoimmune disease primarily affects the immune system. Stress response and infection do not involve the body attacking its own healthy cells.

Explanation
Telomeres are shortened in aging cells and can exhibit accelerated aging effects when subjected to stress. Telomeres are protective caps located at the ends of chromosomes that prevent the loss of genetic information during cell division. As cells divide, telomeres naturally shorten, and when they become too short, cell division is impaired, leading to cellular senescence and aging. Stressors, such as oxidative stress or DNA damage, can further accelerate telomere shortening, exacerbating the aging process. Therefore, the presence of shortened telomeres is a characteristic feature of aging cells and can manifest the effects of accelerated aging when exposed to stress.

Explanation
Patients with heart disease are more likely to have depression than the general population. This is because heart disease can significantly impact a person's quality of life, leading to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a decreased interest in activities. Additionally, the stress and anxiety associated with managing a chronic illness like heart disease can contribute to the development of depression. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the increased risk of depression in patients with heart disease and provide appropriate support and treatment.

Explanation
Research suggests that the overproduction of white blood cells can contribute to the formation of plaques in artery walls and lead to heart disease. White blood cells are part of the immune system and are responsible for fighting off infections and foreign substances in the body. However, an excessive production of white blood cells can lead to inflammation and damage to the artery walls, promoting the development of plaques. These plaques can eventually block the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and increased risk of heart disease.

Explanation
Stress affects the male reproductive system in multiple ways, including lowering sperm counts, causing erectile dysfunction, and lowering testosterone production. However, it does not typically increase libido.

Explanation
Cortisol is a hormone that can bind to immune cells and affect their function. It has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, which help regulate the immune response and prevent excessive inflammation. Cortisol can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease the activity of immune cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages. This hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing immune system overactivity.