AHS 202 - Midterm 2 Part 1 Digestion
Not everything from the study guide cuz I need to eat and sleep, but hopefully what IS on here helps a little :/
this is part 1 - DIGESTION
Questions and Answers
- 1.
What is A?
- A.
Pulp
- B.
Dentin
- C.
Root
- D.
Mucosa
- E.
Crown
- F.
Gingiva
- G.
Apex
- H.
Enamel
Correct Answer
E. CrownExplanation
The correct answer is "crown" because it is the part of a tooth that is visible above the gum line. It is the top part of the tooth that is covered in enamel, which is the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is responsible for biting and chewing food.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What is B?
- A.
Pulp
- B.
Dentin
- C.
Root
- D.
Mucosa
- E.
Crown
- F.
Gingiva
- G.
Apex
- H.
Enamel
Correct Answer
H. EnamelExplanation
Enamel is the outermost layer of the tooth and is the hardest substance in the human body. It covers the crown of the tooth and protects it from decay and damage. Enamel is composed mainly of minerals, primarily hydroxyapatite, which gives it its strength. It is translucent and allows the underlying dentin to show through, giving the tooth its color. Enamel does not contain living cells, so it cannot regenerate or repair itself once it is damaged or eroded. Regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups are important to maintain the health and integrity of the enamel.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What is C?
- A.
Pulp
- B.
Dentin
- C.
Root
- D.
Mucosa
- E.
Crown
- F.
Gingiva
- G.
Apex
- H.
Enamel
Correct Answer
B. DentinExplanation
Dentin is the correct answer because it is a hard, calcified tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth structure beneath the enamel and cementum. It provides support and protection to the softer inner structures of the tooth such as the pulp. Dentin is yellowish in color and is responsible for giving the tooth its shape and structure. It is an important component of the tooth and plays a crucial role in maintaining dental health.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What is D?
- A.
Pulp
- B.
Dentin
- C.
Root
- D.
Mucosa
- E.
Crown
- F.
Gingiva
- G.
Apex
- H.
Enamel
Correct Answer
A. PulpExplanation
The correct answer is pulp. Pulp refers to the soft tissue found inside the tooth, containing blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. It is located at the center of the tooth, extending from the crown to the root. Pulp plays a vital role in the nourishment and sensitivity of the tooth.Rate this question:
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- 5.
What is E?
- A.
Pulp
- B.
Dentin
- C.
Root
- D.
Mucosa
- E.
Crown
- F.
Gingiva
- G.
Apex
- H.
Enamel
Correct Answer
F. Gingiva -
- 6.
What is F?
- A.
Pulp
- B.
Dentin
- C.
Root
- D.
Mucosa
- E.
Crown
- F.
Gingiva
- G.
Apex
- H.
Enamel
Correct Answer
D. MucosaExplanation
The correct answer is mucosa because it is the only option that is a part of the oral cavity. Pulp, dentin, root, crown, gingiva, apex, and enamel are all related to teeth, while mucosa refers to the lining of the oral cavity.Rate this question:
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- 7.
What is G?
- A.
Pulp
- B.
Dentin
- C.
Root
- D.
Mucosa
- E.
Crown
- F.
Gingiva
- G.
Apex
- H.
Enamel
Correct Answer
C. RootExplanation
The correct answer is "root" because in the given list of options, "root" is the only term that is specifically related to a tooth. The other options such as "pulp," "dentin," "crown," "enamel," and "apex" are also parts of a tooth, but "root" is the only option that specifically refers to the part of the tooth that is embedded in the jawbone. Therefore, "root" is the most appropriate answer in this context.Rate this question:
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- 8.
What is H?
- A.
Pulp
- B.
Dentin
- C.
Root
- D.
Mucosa
- E.
Crown
- F.
Gingiva
- G.
Apex
- H.
Enamel
Correct Answer
G. ApexExplanation
The correct answer is "apex" because in the given list, "apex" is the only term that specifically refers to a part of a tooth. The other options, such as "pulp," "dentin," "root," "mucosa," "crown," "gingiva," and "enamel," are all parts of a tooth, but "apex" specifically refers to the tip or end of the root of a tooth.Rate this question:
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- 9.
DENTAL FORMULA: feline - adult
- A.
I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3
- B.
I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1
- C.
I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3-4/3, M 3/3
Correct Answer
B. I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1Explanation
The given dental formula for feline adults is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1. This means that feline adults have 3 incisors on each side of the upper and lower jaw, 1 canine on each side, 3 premolars on the upper jaw and 2 premolars on the lower jaw, and 1 molar on each side. This dental formula is consistent with the normal dental formula for feline adults.Rate this question:
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- 10.
DENTAL FORMULA: equine - adult
- A.
I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3
- B.
I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1
- C.
I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3-4/3, M 3/3
Correct Answer
C. I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3-4/3, M 3/3Explanation
The correct answer is "I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3-4/3, M 3/3". This dental formula represents the teeth of an adult horse. The "I" stands for incisors, "C" stands for canines, "P" stands for premolars, and "M" stands for molars. The numbers before the slash represent the number of teeth on one side of the mouth, while the numbers after the slash represent the number of teeth on the other side. In this dental formula, there are 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3-4 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the mouth.Rate this question:
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- 11.
DENTAL FORMULA: canine - adult
- A.
I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3
- B.
I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1
- C.
I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3-4/3, M 3/3
Correct Answer
A. I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3Explanation
The given dental formula indicates the number and type of teeth in the adult canine. The formula "I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3" means that there are three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and two molars on the top jaw, and three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and three molars on the bottom jaw. This dental formula accurately represents the dental structure of an adult canine.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The _________ is the hard outer covering of the tooth.. *answer in all lower case
Correct Answer
enamelExplanation
The correct answer is enamel. Enamel is the hard outer covering of the tooth that protects the underlying dentin and pulp. It is the hardest substance in the human body and helps to provide strength and durability to the tooth. Enamel is primarily composed of minerals, mainly hydroxyapatite, and is responsible for giving the tooth its white appearance. It plays a crucial role in preventing tooth decay and damage from external factors such as acids and bacteria.Rate this question:
- 13.
The _____ contains nerves and blood vessels of the tooth. *all lowercase plz
Correct Answer
pulpExplanation
The pulp is the correct answer because it is the soft, innermost part of the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. It is responsible for providing nutrients to the tooth and transmitting sensations such as pain or temperature.Rate this question:
- 14.
Grasping of food with the lips, teeth, or tounge
- A.
Mastication
- B.
Prehension
- C.
Absorption
- D.
Digestion
- E.
Elimination
Correct Answer
B. PrehensionExplanation
Prehension refers to the act of grasping or taking hold of something with the lips, teeth, or tongue. In the context of the given question, prehension is the most appropriate term to describe the action of grasping food with these body parts. Mastication refers specifically to the chewing of food, absorption is the process of nutrients being taken into the bloodstream, digestion is the breakdown of food in the digestive system, and elimination is the removal of waste from the body. None of these terms accurately describe the action of grasping food, making prehension the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Mechinical grinding and breaking down of food (chewing)
- A.
Mastication
- B.
Prehension
- C.
Absorption
- D.
Digestion
- E.
Elimination
Correct Answer
A. MasticationExplanation
Mastication refers to the mechanical grinding and breaking down of food through chewing. During mastication, the teeth and jaw muscles work together to break down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow and digest. This process is an essential part of the digestive system and helps to initiate the process of digestion by increasing the surface area of the food, allowing enzymes to act on it more effectively. Mastication also aids in the release of saliva, which contains enzymes that start the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Chemical break down of food
- A.
Mastication
- B.
Prehension
- C.
Absorption
- D.
Digestion
- E.
Elimination
Correct Answer
D. DigestionExplanation
Digestion refers to the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. It involves both mechanical and chemical processes. Mastication, or chewing, is the mechanical process of breaking down food into smaller pieces. Prehension refers to the act of bringing food into the mouth. Absorption is the process by which nutrients are taken up by the bloodstream. Elimination refers to the removal of waste products from the body. Digestion encompasses all of these processes, making it the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Intake of nutrients and water though the intestinal lining
- A.
Mastication
- B.
Prehension
- C.
Absorption
- D.
Digestion
- E.
Elimination
Correct Answer
C. AbsorptionExplanation
Absorption refers to the process by which nutrients and water are taken up by the body through the intestinal lining. After the process of digestion, where food is broken down into smaller molecules, these molecules are then absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine. This allows the body to utilize the nutrients and water for various bodily functions and processes. Therefore, absorption is the correct answer as it accurately describes the intake of nutrients and water through the intestinal lining.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Excretion of wastes
- A.
Mastication
- B.
Prehension
- C.
Absorption
- D.
Digestion
- E.
Elimination
Correct Answer
E. EliminationExplanation
Elimination refers to the process of removing waste materials from the body. This can occur through various means, such as urination, defecation, sweating, or exhaling. It is an essential process for maintaining the body's overall health and proper functioning. The other options listed - mastication, prehension, absorption, and digestion - are not directly related to the removal of waste materials from the body.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Saliva is produced in the mandibular salivary glands, parotid salivary glands, and temporal salivary glands.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Saliva is produced in the mandibular, parotid and SUBLINGUAL salivary glands.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Degulation means______
- A.
To burp
- B.
To absorb
- C.
To swallow
- D.
To excrete
Correct Answer
C. To swallowExplanation
Degulation refers to the act of swallowing.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Eructation means______
- A.
To burp
- B.
To absorb
- C.
To swallow
- D.
To excrete
Correct Answer
A. To burpExplanation
Eructation refers to the act of burping, which is the release of gas from the stomach through the mouth. It is a natural process that helps to relieve discomfort caused by excess gas in the digestive system.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Amylase is the enzyme found in carnivore saliva.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Amylase is found in OMNIVORE saliva - pigs, rats, humans but it is NOT found in carnivores such as dogs and cats.Rate this question:
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- 23.
_______ is an enzyme in saliva that breaks down the sugar component of startch. *all lowercase plz
Correct Answer
amylaseExplanation
Amylase is an enzyme present in saliva that plays a crucial role in the digestion of carbohydrates. It specifically targets the sugar component of starch, breaking it down into smaller molecules such as maltose. This process is the initial step in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars, which can then be absorbed and utilized by the body for energy.Rate this question:
- 24.
________ is an enzyme in saliva that digests lipids (fats). *all lowercase plz
Correct Answer
lipaseExplanation
Lipase is an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down lipids or fats. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. This process is essential for the digestion and absorption of dietary fats in the small intestine. Lipase is produced by the pancreas and salivary glands, and it plays a crucial role in breaking down lipids into smaller molecules that can be easily absorbed by the body.Rate this question:
- 25.
A mucous cyst is a painless, thin sac on the inner surface of the lips. It contains clear fluid. Another name for a mucous cyst is a _________.
Correct Answer
ranulaExplanation
A mucous cyst is a painless, thin sac that forms on the inner surface of the lips and contains clear fluid. Another name for a mucous cyst is a ranula.Rate this question:
- 26.
A ranula is caused by a ruptured salivary duct.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
To cure a ranula you must remove the ENTIRE salivary gland.
Remember Dr. A kept showing us those pictures of the dogs with the swollen faces?Rate this question:
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- 27.
These are examples of what birth defect? *answer in all lowercase
Correct Answer
cleft palateExplanation
Cleft lip and palate are birth defects that affect the upper lip and the roof of the mouth.
A cleft lip may be just a small notch in the lip. It may also be a complete split in the lip that goes all the way to the base of the nose.
A cleft palate can be on one or both sides of the roof of the mouth. It may go the full length of the palate.Rate this question:
- 28.
What animal(s) has a dental pad?
- A.
Dogs
- B.
Cats
- C.
Cattle
- D.
Horses
- E.
Goats
Correct Answer(s)
C. Cattle
E. GoatsExplanation
The dental pad or browsing pad is a feature of ruminant dental anatomy that results from a lack of upper incisors and helps them gather large quantities of grass and other plant matter.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Which structures lead into the pharynx?
- A.
Nasal cavity (caudal nares)
- B.
Maxillary cavity
- C.
Oral cavity (mouth)
- D.
L/r eustachian tubes (two auditory tubes)
- E.
Ethmoid cavity
- F.
Larynx
- G.
Sphenoid cavity
- H.
Esophagus
Correct Answer(s)
A. Nasal cavity (caudal nares)
C. Oral cavity (mouth)
D. L/r eustachian tubes (two auditory tubes)
F. Larynx
H. EsophagusExplanation
maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid cavities don't exist. they are sinuses.
The nasal cavity, oral cavity, left & right eustachian tubes, larynx, and esophagus empty into the pharynx.Rate this question:
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- 30.
In which species is the ENTIRE esophagus striated muscle?
- A.
Dogs
- B.
Humans
- C.
Cats
- D.
Cattle
- E.
Sheep
- F.
Horses
Correct Answer(s)
A. Dogs
D. Cattle
E. SheepExplanation
In dogs, cattle and sheep, its entire length is striated muscle, whereas in cats, horses and humans, the proximal esophagus has striated muscle and the distal esophagus smooth muscle.Rate this question:
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- 31.
When a dog has megaesophagus it will not keep down its food and vomits.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
A dog with megaesophagus REGURGITATES.
Regurgitating is a common symptom of megaesophagus while vomiting is not necessarily associated with megaesophagus. When a dog regurgitates there is usually not as much effort involved as when a dog vomits. Often when regurgitating, the dog will tip its head down and the liquid and/or food will almost appear to "spill out" of its throat.
One of the primary dangers to a dog with megaesophagus is aspiration pneumonia. Because the food stays lodged in the throat, it can often be inhaled into the lungs causing aspiration pneumonia.Rate this question:
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- 32.
The stomach is found mainly on the _______ side of the body
- A.
Right
- B.
Left
Correct Answer
B. LeftExplanation
The stomach is found mainly on the left side of the body. This is because the stomach is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. It is positioned between the liver and the spleen, and it extends towards the left side of the body. The left side of the body is where most of the stomach is situated, making the answer "left" correct.Rate this question:
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- 33.
what is A?
- A.
Pyloric antrum
- B.
Fundus
- C.
Duodenum
- D.
Esophagus
- E.
Pylorus/pyloric sphincter
- F.
Cardia
- G.
Body
Correct Answer
D. EsophagusExplanation
The given options are different parts of the digestive system. The correct answer, "esophagus," is a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It plays a crucial role in transporting food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.Rate this question:
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- 34.
what is B?
- A.
Pyloric antrum
- B.
Fundus
- C.
Duodenum
- D.
Esophagus
- E.
Pylorus/pyloric sphincter
- F.
Cardia
- G.
Body
Correct Answer
B. FundusExplanation
The given answer, "fundus," refers to a part of the stomach. The stomach is divided into several regions, including the fundus, which is the upper portion. The fundus is located above the body of the stomach and is responsible for storing undigested food before it is passed into the rest of the digestive system.Rate this question:
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- 35.
what is C?
- A.
Pyloric antrum
- B.
Fundus
- C.
Duodenum
- D.
Esophagus
- E.
Pylorus/pyloric sphincter
- F.
Cardia
- G.
Body
Correct Answer
F. CardiaExplanation
The question is asking for the definition or identification of "C" from the given options. The answer "cardia" refers to the part of the stomach that is closest to the esophagus. It is the region where the esophagus connects to the stomach and is responsible for preventing acid reflux.Rate this question:
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- 36.
what is D?
- A.
Pyloric antrum
- B.
Fundus
- C.
Duodenum
- D.
Esophagus
- E.
Pylorus/pyloric sphincter
- F.
Cardia
- G.
Body
Correct Answer
E. Pylorus/pyloric sphincterExplanation
The correct answer is pylorus/pyloric sphincter. The question is asking for the identification of "D" among the given options. The pylorus/pyloric sphincter is a circular muscle located at the lower end of the stomach, which controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum).Rate this question:
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- 37.
what is E?
- A.
Pyloric antrum
- B.
Fundus
- C.
Duodenum
- D.
Esophagus
- E.
Pylorus/pyloric sphincter
- F.
Cardia
- G.
Body
Correct Answer
G. BodyExplanation
The given answer "body" refers to one of the parts of the digestive system. The question is asking for the identification of "E," which is not explicitly mentioned in the given options. However, by process of elimination, we can determine that "body" is the correct answer as it is the only option that has not been mentioned in the list of parts of the digestive system.Rate this question:
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- 38.
what is F?
- A.
Pyloric antrum
- B.
Fundus
- C.
Duodenum
- D.
Esophagus
- E.
Pylorus/pyloric sphincter
- F.
Cardia
- G.
Body
Correct Answer
A. Pyloric antrumExplanation
The correct answer is pyloric antrum. The given options are different parts of the stomach. The pyloric antrum is the lower portion of the stomach, located near the pylorus, which is the opening that connects the stomach to the small intestine. It is responsible for storing and breaking down food before it is passed into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption.Rate this question:
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- 39.
what is G?
- A.
Pyloric antrum
- B.
Fundus
- C.
Duodenum
- D.
Esophagus
- E.
Pylorus/pyloric sphincter
- F.
Cardia
- G.
Body
Correct Answer
C. DuodenumExplanation
The correct answer is duodenum. The given options are different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, located immediately after the stomach. It plays a crucial role in the digestion process by receiving partially digested food from the stomach and further breaking it down with the help of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Myasthenia gravis is a cause of megaesophagus.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Myasthenia gravis is when the body produces antibodies against the nerve receptors that cause the esophageal muscles to contract. Because they no longer contract the esophagus becomes a relaxed bag. This dilated esophagus is called megaesophagus.Rate this question:
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- 41.
What is the normal pH of the stomach?
- A.
2
- B.
4
- C.
6
- D.
7
- E.
8
Correct Answer
A. 2Explanation
The normal pH of the stomach is 2. The stomach produces gastric acid, which is highly acidic and helps in the digestion of food. The low pH of 2 is necessary for the activation of digestive enzymes and the breakdown of proteins. It also helps to kill bacteria and other pathogens that may enter the stomach with food.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The parietal cells produce________
- A.
Pepsinogen
- B.
Mucus
- C.
Hydrochloric acid
- D.
Mucin
Correct Answer
C. Hydrochloric acidExplanation
The parietal cells in the stomach are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid. This acid plays a crucial role in the digestion process by breaking down food and killing bacteria that may be present in the stomach. It also helps to activate pepsinogen, an inactive enzyme that is converted into pepsin, which aids in the digestion of proteins. Additionally, hydrochloric acid creates an acidic environment in the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of certain nutrients.Rate this question:
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- 43.
The chief cells produce________
- A.
Pepsinogen
- B.
Mucus
- C.
Hydrochloric acid
- D.
Mucin
Correct Answer
A. PepsinogenExplanation
The chief cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin, which plays a crucial role in the digestion of proteins. When pepsinogen is exposed to the acidic environment of the stomach, it is converted into pepsin, which can break down proteins into smaller peptides. Therefore, the chief cells are responsible for producing pepsinogen, which is later activated to pepsin for protein digestion.Rate this question:
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- 44.
The mucous cells produce________
- A.
Pepsinogen
- B.
Mucus
- C.
Hydrochloric acid
- D.
Mucin
Correct Answer
B. MucusExplanation
The correct answer is mucus because mucous cells are responsible for producing mucus. Mucus is a slimy substance that helps to protect and lubricate the lining of various organs in the body, including the respiratory and digestive systems. It helps to trap and remove foreign particles, bacteria, and other irritants, preventing them from causing harm. Mucus also plays a role in the digestion process by lubricating and protecting the stomach lining from the acidic environment and enzymes present in the digestive system.Rate this question:
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- 45.
The goblet cells produce________
- A.
Pepsinogen
- B.
Mucus
- C.
Hydrochloric acid
- D.
Mucin
Correct Answer
D. MucinExplanation
The goblet cells are specialized cells found in the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts. They are responsible for producing mucus, which acts as a protective barrier and lubricant for these organs. Mucus helps to trap and remove foreign particles, such as dust or bacteria, and also aids in the movement of food through the digestive system. Mucin is the main component of mucus, so the correct answer is mucin.Rate this question:
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- 46.
What hormone increases the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach? *all lower case plz
Correct Answer
gastrinExplanation
Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. It is released by cells in the stomach lining in response to the presence of food. Gastrin acts on the parietal cells in the stomach to increase the secretion of hydrochloric acid, which is important for the digestion of food. This hormone helps to maintain the acidic environment necessary for the breakdown of proteins and the absorption of certain nutrients in the stomach.Rate this question:
- 47.
What turns pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin?
Correct Answer
hydrochloric acidExplanation
Pepsinogen is the inactive form of the enzyme pepsin, which is responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid, produced by the stomach, plays a crucial role in activating pepsinogen. When hydrochloric acid is present, it cleaves a small part of pepsinogen, resulting in the active enzyme pepsin. This activation process is necessary for proper digestion of proteins in the stomach.Rate this question:
- 48.
Enerogastic reflex helps the stomach push contents into the duodenum.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Enterogastric reflex occurs when the duodenum has increased acidity and thus inhibits the stomach from contracting. The enterogastirc reflex prevents the stomach from pushing its contents into the duodenum before the small intestine is "ready" to handle additional chyme.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Which hormones aid enterogastric reflex?
- A.
Pepsin
- B.
Bicarbonate
- C.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- D.
Acetylchooline
- E.
Secretin
Correct Answer(s)
C. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
E. SecretinExplanation
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) also helps with the enterogastric reflex. says so in the book, but not in his powerpoint.. so :/Rate this question:
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- 50.
Systemic antiacids, like Zantac, are H1 blockers and lower the amount of acid produced by the parietal cells.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Systemic antiacids are H2 blockers. H2 receptors are on parietal cells and respond to histamine and work in the stomach to produce hydrochloric acid.
H1 receptors are found in the respiratory systemRate this question:
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