Adolescence Quiz 1 (Test 2)

The extent to which adolescents idealize their parents

Combination of both highly feminine and highly masculine traits

Combination of having a sense of independence, They can act feel and think independently

Transgendered intensification hypothesis

Gender Identity Hypothesis

Gender Intensification hypothesis

Girls have a tendency to disassociate from math and science and become more emotional

Steinberg, chap 11. pp. 367-401: What four factors does Steinberg note are related to healthy sexual development in adolescents? 1) The adolescent needs to become comfortable with his or her maturing body 2) The adolescent should accept having feelings of sexual arousal as normal and appropriate 3) The adolescent needs to feel comfortable about choosing to engage in- or not to engage in- various sexual activities a. Understanding that sex is voluntary 4) The adolescent who is sexually active must understand and practice safe sex What is sexual socialization? The process through which adolescents are exposed to and educated about sexuality. Explain the differences in sexual socialization in what Ford and Beach called restrictive, semirestrictive and permissive societies? Type of Society Sexual Socialization Restrictive The adolescent’s transition into sexuality is highly discontinuous. Pressure is exerted to refrain from sexual activity, in many restrictive societies adolescents pursue sex in secret Sometimes this means separating male and female children until they are of marrying age, other times this means publically shaming sexually active adolescents and sometimes it means physical punishment for those who are sexually active as teens. Semi- Restrictive (USA) Adults frown upon sexual activity among adolescents but do not consistently enforce prohibitions against it. In this society it is premarital pregnancy, not premarital sex that is frowned upon and the general opinion is that it is ok as long as it is kept under wraps. Adults prefer to look the other way as oppose to restricting adolescents’ activities Permissive The transition of young people into adult sexual activity is highly continuous and usually begins in childhood. How would you characterize sexual socialization in contemporary American society? Sexual Socialization in America is Semi-restrictive What is autoerotic behavior? Sexual behavior that is experienced alone, such as masturbation or sexual fantasizing What are the approximate percentages of adolescents who have had sexual intercourse by age 15 and by age 18? 1/3 of American 9th graders have had sexual intercourse 2/3 of American 12th graders have had sexual intercourse Know the gender and ethnic differences in age at first intercourse that Steinberg describes. Ethnic Sub group Age at first intercourse African American males 15 White and Hispanic males 16.5 Asian American Males 18 What are three historical trends in sexual intercourse among US adolescents in the past 30 years? 1) The overall percentage of American adolescents who engage in premarital sex accelerated markedly during the early 1970s and again during the late 1980s and then declined between 1995 and 2001, especially among African American Youth 2) The proportion of individuals who have sexual intercourse early in adolescence is substantial a. 1/3 by 9th grade b. 6% by age 13 3) The greatest increase in prevalence of intercourse among adolescents, and the greatest decline in age at first intercourse has been among females First intercourse for adolescents before age 16 is associated with what other attitudes and behaviors? Early sexual activity is associated with having more general attitudinal problems and behavioral profile that includes experimentation with drugs and alcohol, low levels of religious involvement, tolerance of deviant behavior, lower interest in academic achievement, and a stronger orientation towards independence. How are hormones and social factors related to sexual activity in adolescent boys and girls? -Adolescents with higher levels of androgens (testosterone) are more likely to report masturbating, thinking about sex, and planning to have sexual intercourse within the next year. -Among boys, increased levels of androgens are directly related to the likelihood of their being sexually active -boys  strong biological influence -Among girls, androgens are associated with an increase in sex drive, but estrogens are associated with biological sexual changes (ie developing breasts) -research has shown that estrogen (not androgen) is a more direct factor in females sexual activity, suggesting it is not their sex drive, but their sexual appeal that is correlated to sexual activity -girls strong social influences How is parent-child communication about sex related to whether adolescents are sexually active? Parent-adolescent communication about sex has little impact on the likelihood of adolescents becoming sexually active How is parent-child communication about contraception related to adolescents’ use of contraception? Parent-adolescent communication does however have an impact on how safe adolescents are when they do have sex. Adolescents whose parents have spoken to them about the risks and how to practice safe sex are significantly more likely to use contraception their first time, particularly condoms. Are adolescents whose parents are in the process of divorcing more or less likely to be sexually active at an earlier age? Process of divorce  more likely to engage in sexual activity younger Are girls who live in single-parent families more or less likely to be sexually active at an earlier age? Single parent families  more likely to be sexually active younger, but this affects girls more than boys Why girls? 1) Strong social influence on girls a. Boys’ parents may not attempt to exert much control over sexual activity regardless of how many parents there are in the house b. Girls’ behavior may be more subject to parental controls 2) Single parent mothers are likely to be dating and may inadvertently become a role model of sexual activity 3) Girls are more likely than boys to go outside the home for alternative sources of warmth and support 4) Possibly genetic How are peers related to whether adolescents are sexually active? Adolescents who have sexually active peers are themselves more likely to be sexually active, this is also true when they believe their peers are more sexually active, regardless of whether they actually are, and when they have older siblings who model sexually advanced behavior. How is having multiple risk factors for sexual activity related to sexual activity in adolescents? The more individual risk factors there are in an adolescents life the more likely the adolescent is to be sexually active How is making a virginity pledge related to adolescents’ sexual activity? Adolescents who take a pledge at a young age are much less likely to have intercourse then their peers -it has little effect on those who take it at a high school age Pledging also has little effect in which few students take virginity pledges or in schools where nearly everyone pledges It also turns out that making a promise to oneself is more effective than making a formal, public statement. What are some sex differences in the meaning of sex? Boys- At the first time of sexual intercourse boys are likely to keep sex and intimacy separate and their early sexual exploits are categorized in terms of recreation as oppose to intimacy and emotional involvement Girls – The development of sexuality involves the integration of sexual activity into an already existing capacity for intimacy and social involvement. Girls’ sexual script tinges with romance, love, friendship and intimacy. What are some characteristics of adolescents who have been sexually abused? Those who have been sexually abused are disproportionately female and poor. Women who were most likely to be raped are those that lived apart from their parents before age 16; who were physically, emotionally, or mentally impaired, who were raised at or below the poverty level, whose parent used drugs and/or abused alcohol. Those who were sexually abused were more likely to have lower self-esteem, more academic difficulties, and higher rates of anxiety, fear, eating disorders and depression. What are some reasons why adolescents don’t use contraception regularly and effectively? 1) Contraceptives are not readily available 2) Many young people are insufficiently educated about sex, contraception, and pregnancy. 3) Psychological factors- many teens do not recognize the seriousness of pregnancy take the possibility lightly 4) Many adolescents fail to you birth control because doing so would be tantamount to admitting they are choosing to be sexually active What is one of the best predictors of contraceptive use for adolescents? AGE How does the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the U.S. compare to that of adolescents in other industrialized countries? About the same Which adolescents are at greatest risk for contracting HIV? Inner-city minority teens, homeless youth, high school dropouts, homosexual male teens, and needle injected rug users. Greatest risk is for those who use drugs, have unprotected sex, have many sexual partners, and already have an STD What are the best ways for adolescents to protect themselves against HIV? Abstinence and using condoms Approximately what percentage of adolescent pregnancies result in childbirth? About 50% How are poverty and low achievement related to adolescent parenthood? Poor adolescents are more likely to carry their baby to full term, as are those women who have fewer years in higher education What are the advantages and disadvantages for adolescent mothers if they marry the father of their child? Disadvantages- Men who get teen girls pregnant are more likely to have problems with self esteem, school, work, aggression, drugs and alcohol, and the law. What approaches to teenage pregnancy prevention have been effective? What approaches have not been effective? Effective -combo of school-based sex education and community based health clinics Ineffective -abstinence only sexual education Steinberg, chap 11. pp. 367-401: What four factors does Steinberg note are related to healthy sexual development in adolescents? 1) The adolescent needs to become comfortable with his or her maturing body 2) The adolescent should accept having feelings of sexual arousal as normal and appropriate 3) The adolescent needs to feel comfortable about choosing to engage in- or not to engage in- various sexual activities a. Understanding that sex is voluntary 4) The adolescent who is sexually active must understand and practice safe sex What is sexual socialization? The process through which adolescents are exposed to and educated about sexuality. Explain the differences in sexual socialization in what Ford and Beach called restrictive, semirestrictive and permissive societies? Type of Society Sexual Socialization Restrictive The adolescent’s transition into sexuality is highly discontinuous. Pressure is exerted to refrain from sexual activity, in many restrictive societies adolescents pursue sex in secret Sometimes this means separating male and female children until they are of marrying age, other times this means publically shaming sexually active adolescents and sometimes it means physical punishment for those who are sexually active as teens. Semi- Restrictive (USA) Adults frown upon sexual activity among adolescents but do not consistently enforce prohibitions against it. In this society it is premarital pregnancy, not premarital sex that is frowned upon and the general opinion is that it is ok as long as it is kept under wraps. Adults prefer to look the other way as oppose to restricting adolescents’ activities Permissive The transition of young people into adult sexual activity is highly continuous and usually begins in childhood. How would you characterize sexual socialization in contemporary American society? Sexual Socialization in America is Semi-restrictive What is autoerotic behavior? Sexual behavior that is experienced alone, such as masturbation or sexual fantasizing What are the approximate percentages of adolescents who have had sexual intercourse by age 15 and by age 18? 1/3 of American 9th graders have had sexual intercourse 2/3 of American 12th graders have had sexual intercourse Know the gender and ethnic differences in age at first intercourse that Steinberg describes. Ethnic Sub group Age at first intercourse African American males 15 White and Hispanic males 16.5 Asian American Males 18 What are three historical trends in sexual intercourse among US adolescents in the past 30 years? 1) The overall percentage of American adolescents who engage in premarital sex accelerated markedly during the early 1970s and again during the late 1980s and then declined between 1995 and 2001, especially among African American Youth 2) The proportion of individuals who have sexual intercourse early in adolescence is substantial a. 1/3 by 9th grade b. 6% by age 13 3) The greatest increase in prevalence of intercourse among adolescents, and the greatest decline in age at first intercourse has been among females First intercourse for adolescents before age 16 is associated with what other attitudes and behaviors? Early sexual activity is associated with having more general attitudinal problems and behavioral profile that includes experimentation with drugs and alcohol, low levels of religious involvement, tolerance of deviant behavior, lower interest in academic achievement, and a stronger orientation towards independence. How are hormones and social factors related to sexual activity in adolescent boys and girls? -Adolescents with higher levels of androgens (testosterone) are more likely to report masturbating, thinking about sex, and planning to have sexual intercourse within the next year. -Among boys, increased levels of androgens are directly related to the likelihood of their being sexually active -boys  strong biological influence -Among girls, androgens are associated with an increase in sex drive, but estrogens are associated with biological sexual changes (ie developing breasts) -research has shown that estrogen (not androgen) is a more direct factor in females sexual activity, suggesting it is not their sex drive, but their sexual appeal that is correlated to sexual activity -girls strong social influences How is parent-child communication about sex related to whether adolescents are sexually active? Parent-adolescent communication about sex has little impact on the likelihood of adolescents becoming sexually active How is parent-child communication about contraception related to adolescents’ use of contraception? Parent-adolescent communication does however have an impact on how safe adolescents are when they do have sex. Adolescents whose parents have spoken to them about the risks and how to practice safe sex are significantly more likely to use contraception their first time, particularly condoms. Are adolescents whose parents are in the process of divorcing more or less likely to be sexually active at an earlier age? Process of divorce  more likely to engage in sexual activity younger Are girls who live in single-parent families more or less likely to be sexually active at an earlier age? Single parent families  more likely to be sexually active younger, but this affects girls more than boys Why girls? 1) Strong social influence on girls a. Boys’ parents may not attempt to exert much control over sexual activity regardless of how many parents there are in the house b. Girls’ behavior may be more subject to parental controls 2) Single parent mothers are likely to be dating and may inadvertently become a role model of sexual activity 3) Girls are more likely than boys to go outside the home for alternative sources of warmth and support 4) Possibly genetic How are peers related to whether adolescents are sexually active? Adolescents who have sexually active peers are themselves more likely to be sexually active, this is also true when they believe their peers are more sexually active, regardless of whether they actually are, and when they have older siblings who model sexually advanced behavior. How is having multiple risk factors for sexual activity related to sexual activity in adolescents? The more individual risk factors there are in an adolescents life the more likely the adolescent is to be sexually active How is making a virginity pledge related to adolescents’ sexual activity? Adolescents who take a pledge at a young age are much less likely to have intercourse then their peers -it has little effect on those who take it at a high school age Pledging also has little effect in which few students take virginity pledges or in schools where nearly everyone pledges It also turns out that making a promise to oneself is more effective than making a formal, public statement. What are some sex differences in the meaning of sex? Boys- At the first time of sexual intercourse boys are likely to keep sex and intimacy separate and their early sexual exploits are categorized in terms of recreation as oppose to intimacy and emotional involvement Girls – The development of sexuality involves the integration of sexual activity into an already existing capacity for intimacy and social involvement. Girls’ sexual script tinges with romance, love, friendship and intimacy. What are some characteristics of adolescents who have been sexually abused? Those who have been sexually abused are disproportionately female and poor. Women who were most likely to be raped are those that lived apart from their parents before age 16; who were physically, emotionally, or mentally impaired, who were raised at or below the poverty level, whose parent used drugs and/or abused alcohol. Those who were sexually abused were more likely to have lower self-esteem, more academic difficulties, and higher rates of anxiety, fear, eating disorders and depression. What are some reasons why adolescents don’t use contraception regularly and effectively? 1) Contraceptives are not readily available 2) Many young people are insufficiently educated about sex, contraception, and pregnancy. 3) Psychological factors- many teens do not recognize the seriousness of pregnancy take the possibility lightly 4) Many adolescents fail to you birth control because doing so would be tantamount to admitting they are choosing to be sexually active What is one of the best predictors of contraceptive use for adolescents? AGE How does the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the U.S. compare to that of adolescents in other industrialized countries? About the same Which adolescents are at greatest risk for contracting HIV? Inner-city minority teens, homeless youth, high school dropouts, homosexual male teens, and needle injected rug users. Greatest risk is for those who use drugs, have unprotected sex, have many sexual partners, and already have an STD What are the best ways for adolescents to protect themselves against HIV? Abstinence and using condoms Approximately what percentage of adolescent pregnancies result in childbirth? About 50% How are poverty and low achievement related to adolescent parenthood? Poor adolescents are more likely to carry their baby to full term, as are those women who have fewer years in higher education What are the advantages and disadvantages for adolescent mothers if they marry the father of their child? Disadvantages- Men who get teen girls pregnant are more likely to have problems with self esteem, school, work, aggression, drugs and alcohol, and the law. What approaches to teenage pregnancy prevention have been effective? What approaches have not been effective? Effective -combo of school-based sex education and community based health clinics Ineffective -abstinence only sexual education Boys have a tendency to disassociate from math and science and become more emotional

Boys show more emotion as they continue to grow through adolescence

Girls show more emotion as they continue to grow through adolescence

True

False

True

False

Feminine Boys

Feminine girls

Androygnous boys

Medical Transsexual model

The authentic transgender model

Medical Transsexual model

The authentic transgender model

6% of boys and 8% of girls

8% of girls and 6% of boys

9% of boys 6% of girls

6% of boys and 9% of girls

Males are more likely to experiment during college and high school then girls are

Males are more likely to experiment during adolescents where as girls are more likely to experiment during young adulthood/college

Males are more likely to experiment during early adolescence where as girls are more likely to experiment only in adulthood

6-7%

4-5%

3-4%

2-3%

True

False

True

False

1/3

2/3

3/4

All of them

1/3

2/3

3/4

All of them

Sex role behavior

Gender Identity

Sexual orientation

Sex role behavior

Gender Identity

Sexual orientation

Sex role behavior

Gender Identity

Sexual orientation

True

False

Feeling different as a child

Engaging in gender atypical behavior

Secluding oneself for fear that others will find out

Being attracted to member of the same sex and disinterested in those of the opposite sex

Consciously questioning ones sexual identity

Hispanic males

White females

White males

Hispanic females

True

False

Bisexuals than homosexuals then heterosexuals

Homosexuals then Bisexual then heterosexuals

Heterosexuals, Bisexuals then heterosexuals

True

False