1.
Which of these is not important in clinical research?
Correct Answer
D. Mortality
Explanation
Mortality is not important in clinical research because it refers to the death rate of a population, which is not directly relevant to studying the effectiveness or safety of diagnostic products, treatment regimens, or medications. Clinical research focuses on assessing the impact of interventions on various outcomes such as disease progression, symptom improvement, or quality of life. Mortality may be considered as an outcome in some specific studies, but it is not a universal measure of importance in all clinical research.
2.
Which of these bodies clear test articles in United States?
Correct Answer
C. Food and Drug Administration
Explanation
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the correct answer because it is the regulatory agency responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of drugs, medical devices, food, cosmetics, and other products in the United States. The FDA reviews and approves test articles, conducts inspections, and sets regulations to protect public health. The other options, Drug Law Agency, Drug Law Administration, and Food and Drug Law Administration, do not exist and are not responsible for clearing test articles in the United States.
3.
Which of these is less important in clinical research involving drugs?
Correct Answer
D. Quantity
Explanation
Quantity is less important in clinical research involving drugs because the focus is not on the amount or quantity of the drug being administered, but rather on its effectiveness (efficacy) in treating the targeted condition. Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, while metabolism refers to the process by which the drug is broken down and eliminated from the body. These factors are important in determining the drug's effectiveness and safety. However, the quantity of the drug is not as crucial as its efficacy and other pharmacokinetic properties.
4.
Which of these is concerned with clinical researches conducted in Europe?
Correct Answer
B. European Medicines Agency
Explanation
The European Medicines Agency is concerned with clinical researches conducted in Europe. It is a regulatory agency responsible for the scientific evaluation, supervision, and safety monitoring of medicines in the European Union. It plays a crucial role in facilitating the development and authorization of medicines for use in Europe, ensuring their quality, efficacy, and safety.
5.
Which of these refers to observations made before conclusion of clinical research?
Correct Answer
B. Clinical trial
Explanation
Clinical trial refers to observations made before the conclusion of clinical research. A clinical trial is a type of research study that involves testing new treatments or interventions on human participants to evaluate their safety and effectiveness. It is conducted after preclinical trials, which involve laboratory testing and experiments on animals or cells. Therefore, clinical trials involve the actual observation and evaluation of the treatment or intervention in human subjects, making it the correct answer in this context.
6.
What is the act of withholding information about research from subject called?
Correct Answer
C. Blinding
Explanation
Blinding refers to the act of withholding information about research from the subjects involved. It is commonly used in clinical trials to prevent bias and ensure the integrity of the study. By blinding the subjects, they are unaware of whether they are receiving the experimental treatment or a placebo, which helps to eliminate any potential psychological or subjective influences on the results.
7.
What does the closeness between results of a clinical research mean?
Correct Answer
B. Reproducibility
Explanation
The closeness between results of a clinical research refers to reproducibility. Reproducibility means that the study can be repeated by different researchers or in different settings and still yield similar results. This indicates that the findings are reliable and can be trusted. Validity, on the other hand, refers to the accuracy and soundness of the study design and measurement. Study design refers to the overall plan or strategy of the research, while measurement refers to the process of collecting data.
8.
What group of subjects does not receive the same treatment as others in a clinical research?
Correct Answer
B. Control group
Explanation
The control group does not receive the same treatment as the other groups in a clinical research. The control group is used as a comparison group and does not receive the experimental treatment or intervention being studied. This allows researchers to compare the effects of the treatment group with the control group, helping to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.
9.
What is the total quantity of observable variables in clinical research called?
Correct Answer
D. Sample space
Explanation
The total quantity of observable variables in clinical research is called the sample space. In clinical research, the sample space refers to the set of all possible outcomes or observations that can be observed or measured in a study. It represents the range of variables that researchers can collect data on during their investigation. By understanding the sample space, researchers can determine the scope and breadth of their study and make informed decisions about data collection and analysis.
10.
Which of these is a trial solution in clinical research?
Correct Answer
A. Hypothesis
Explanation
A trial solution in clinical research refers to a hypothesis. In clinical research, a hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction about the relationship between variables that is tested through experiments or observations. It is a tentative solution to a research question that is formulated based on existing knowledge or theories. The purpose of conducting clinical trials is to test the validity of these hypotheses and determine the effectiveness and safety of new treatments or interventions.