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What is the main virulence factor in Streptococcus A infection? Why is it also a weak point in the bacteria's defense?
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M protein - it adheres to cells, is anti-phagocytotic, and antigenic - which is its weak point, because it trigger's antibody production (that is what antigenic means) in the immune system.
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Which Strep strain is present in about 30% of vaginas as Normal Flora?
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Strep B
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What are some clinical characteristics of Rheumatic Fever, and what causes it?
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"John Travolta in Rheumatic Fever". Myocarditis, arthritis, chorea (arm crazy movements), rash. It is due to Strep A antibodies cross-reacting with antigens on the heart, years after Strep A infection.
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What are several diseases caused by Strep A?
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Pharyngitis (Strep Throat), Scarlet Fever, Puerperal Infection (endometrium of mother in labor, dangerous to mother if infection gets into blood and travels), Acute Glomerulonephritis, Rheumatic Fever.
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What is the difference between Streptolysin S and Streptolysin O, and what does a streptolysin do?
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They destroy red and white blood cells. Streptolysin O (O=oxygen labile) is inactivated by oxygen and it is antigenic. Streptolysin S (S= oxygen Stabile) works in O2 environment, and it is NOT antigenic (no antibodies formed).
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What type of diseases can Strep B cause?
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All our neonatal (B is for Baby) - meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia.
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What are the 3 bacterial causes for Meningitis during labor? What are the 2 bacterial causes for Meningitis later in life?
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Neonatal Meningitis - Strep B, E. coli, Listeria. Later in Life - Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae.
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An elderly person with Strep B will present with what main complaint?
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Stiff Neck
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Which enterococcus is susceptible to Ampicillin?
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Enterococcus faecalis. E. faecium is resisant to Ampicillin and emerging a resistance to Vancomycin.
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A patient who recently had a dental procedure presents with subacute endocarditis. What caused the infection?
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Strep viridans.
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What is a Quellung Test? What bacteria is commonly tested for with this?
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Detects encapsulated bacterium by testing for anti-capsular antibodies. Strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae.
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What are the 4 clinical diseases caused by Strep pneumoniae?
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MOPS - meningitis, otitis media (kids), pneumonia, sepsis.
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Streptococcus pyogenes - which group is this?
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Strep A. (Streptococcus agalactiae is group B)
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Skin rashes Impetigo, Ecthyma, Erysipelas - what bacteria ususually cause these?
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Strep A. Erysipelas is a rash of the dermis only, often appears just of the face.
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What does the morphology of Staphylococcus look like?
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"Staph in clusters"
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