Diversity of Bacteria (non-Proteobacteria Phyla)

-low GC (30-50%)
-gram pos
-resistant to reduced water potential = halotolerant
-many species are pigmented

-example of nonsporulating firmicute
-opportunistic pathogen
-facultattive

-example of nonsporulating firmicute
-obligate anaaerob
-extremely acid tolerant
-can inhabit and grow in stomachs of monogastric animals

-gram pos
-most aerotolerant anaerobes, catalase neg
-fastidious (complex nutrient requirements)
-no cytochromoes = no ETC = obligate fermeneters (homolactic or heterolactic)

1. Streptococcus - production of buttermilk and silage, some are pathogenic
2. Lactococccus - dairy, fastidious
3. Enterococcus - fecal origin

1. Leuconostoc - saurkraut, production of dextran = slimy
2. Lactobacillus - common in dairy products, can be homo or hetero, resistant to acidic conditions

-related to LActobaccillus
-gram pos coccobacilli
-form chains 3-5 cells long
-require full oxic or microoxic conditions for growth
-catalase pos

-distinguished on the basis of cell morphology, and the shape and cellular postion of endospore, metabolism, and O2 requirement
-generally found in soils
-endospores are advantages for soil microorganisms

-example of Endospore-forming Firmicute
-many produce extracelluar hydrolytic enzymes that break down polymers
-many produce antibiotics
-Bacillus thuringiensis produce insect larvicides in the parasporal body

-example of Endospore-forming Firmicute
-lack a respiratory chain, anaerobic
-some perform Stickland reactions (ferment amino acids)
-mainly found in anaerobic pockets in the soil
-also live in mammalian intestinal tract
-some are pathogenic; others cause diseases such as botulism, tetanus, and gangrene

-example of Endospore-forming Firmicute
-only spore forming coccus
-common in soils
-S. urea is very alkaline tolerant, cleaves urea to CO2 and NH3 (urease)

-example of Endospore-forming Firmicute
-anoxygenic phototrophs that produce unique bacteriochlorophyll g
-reside in soils and also in highly alkaline environments (eg soda lakes and alkaline soils)
-can fix nitrogen

-some of the smallest organisms capable of autonomous growth
-parasites that inhabit animal and plant hosts
-they lack cell walls, key components of peptidogylcan are missing
-pleomorphic
-medium is typically very complex
-characteristic "fried egg" appearence

-example of Mollicute: Mycoplasmas
-helical or spiral-shaped wall-less cells
-rotary screw motility
-isolated from ticks, hemolymph and gut of insects, vascular plant fluids, and insects that feed on the fluids

-high GC, gram pos.
-mostly harmless commensals
-valueablefor antibiotics and certain fermented dairy products
-increasing trend toward branching cell structure:
1. Arthrobacter + Coryneform + Propionibacterium
2.Mycobacteria
3. Actinomycetes