Medical Terminology Flashcard Chapter

Fascia Sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and seperates muscles or groups of muscles Myofascial - My/o/fasci/al means pertaining to muscle tissue and facia Muscle Fibers My/o are the long, slender cells that make up muscles my/o - means muscle Tendons ten/o, tend/o, tendin /0 Tendons - are narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. Tendons Three types of Muscles Skeletal, smooth, myocardial Skeletal -muscles are attached to bones Smooth -muscles are located in the walls of internal organs & control the flow of fluids through these structures Myocardial- forms the muscular walls of the heart Muscle innervation is the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. when the stimulation stops the muscles stops. Neuromuscular means pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle Antagonistic Muscle Pairs means working in opposition to each other, when one muscle contracts the other relaxes Contraction- is tightening of a muscle, it becomes shorter, thinner and enlarged. Relaxation- occurs when a muscle returns to its original form becomes longer and thinner and is know longer enlarge. Abduction ab/duct/ion abductor movement of the limb away from the midline ab- / means away duct / means to lead - ion / means action abductor - is a muscle that moves a part aways form the midline Adduction ad/duct/ion adductor movement of limb towards the midline ad- / means towards duct / means to lead - ion / means action adductor - is a muscle that moves a part towards the midline Flexion flex/ion flexor means decresing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint. flex / means to bend -ion / means action flexor - is a muscle that bends a limb at a joint Extension ex/tens/ion extensor means increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening of a limb ex-away from tens-to stretch out -ion/action extensor- is a muscle that straightens a limb at a joint Hyperextension hyper/ex/tens/ion is the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its limits. hyper/ excessive ex-/ away from tens-/ to stretch out -ion/action Elevation/ levator/ is the act of raising or lifting a body part; such as raising the ribs when breathing .. levator -is a muscle that raises a body part Depression/ depressor/ is the act of lowering a body part, such as lowering the ribs when breathing out depressor - is a muscle that lowers the body part Rotation/ axis / is a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint. axis - is an imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body Circumduction / rotator muscle / rotator cuff/ is the circular movement of a limb at the far end. swinging motion of the far end of the ar. rotator muscle -turns a body part on its axis. rotator cuff -is the group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint. Dorsiflexion / Plantar Flexion/ Plantar/ Dorsiflexon -is the movement that bends the foot upwards at the ankle Plantar Flexion- is the movement that bends the foot downwards at the ankle Plantar- is the foot Orgin insertion orgin -is a less moveable attachment located nearest to the midline insertion -is the more moveable attachment located farthest from the midline pectoralis major / lateraltis/ medialis pectoralis major -is a thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall. lateraltis- means towards the side medialis- means toward the midlin Oblique Rectus sphincter transverse 1.means slanted or at an angle 2.straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body. 3.is a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway. 4. means in a crosswise direction. biceps bi/ceps triceps tri/ceps means two, is formed by two divisons bi- /means two / -ceps/ mean head means formed from three division tri-/ means three / -ceps/ means head gluteus maximus largest muscle of the buttocks hamstring group located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three spearate muscles: biceps, femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus the primary functions of the hamstrings are knee flexion and hip extension exercise physiologist is a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop and coordinate exercise program neurologist is a physician who specilizes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders physiatist is a physician who specializws in physical medicine and rehabilitation with focus on restoring function. rheumatologist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such osteoporosis. sports medicine physician specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones,joint and muscles. Fasciitis which is also spelled fascitis, which is an inflimmation of a fascia fasci /means fascia -itis / means inflammation fibromyalgia syndrome fibr/o/my/algia is a debilitating chronic conditon characterized by fatigueand or specific muscle, joint or bone pain fibr /o means fibrous connective tissue my / means muscle -algia / means pain tenodynia ten/o/dynia or ten/algia is pain in a tendon ; also known as tenalgia tendinitis also known as tendonitis, tenonitis,tenontitis is an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint debilitating means a condition causing weakness Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems. Abbreviation : CFS adhesion is a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally. adhesions can form in muscles,internal organs as the result of an injury Atrophy means weaknes or wearing away of body tissues and structures. Atrophy of a muscle can be caused by pathology or by disuse over a long period of time Myalgia my /algia is tenderness or pain in the muscle; also known as myodynia myocele my/o/cele is the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it my/o - means muscle -cele - means hernia Myolysis my/o/lysis is the degeneration of muscle tissue my/o / means muscle -lysis / means destruction or breaking down in disease Myorrhexis my/o/rrhexis is the rupture of tearing of a muscle my/o / means muscle -rrhexis / means rupture Myomalacia my/o/malacia is abnormal softening of muscle tissue my/o / means muscle -malacia / means abnormal softening Polymyositis poly/myos/itis is a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body poly- / means many myos / means muscle -itis / means inflammation Sarcopenia sarc/o/penia is the loss of muscle mass, strength and function that comes with aging. sarc/o / means flesh -penia / means deficiency Atonic a/ton/ic means lacking normal muscle tone a- / means without ton/ means tone -ic / means pertaining to Dystonia dys/ton/ia is a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement dys- / means bad ton/ means tone -ia/ mean condition Hypertonia hyper/ton/ia is a condition of excessive ton of the dkeletal muscles hyper-/ means excessive ton/ means tone -ia/ means condition Hypotonia hypo/ton/ia is a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles hypo / means deficient ton/ means tone -ia/ means condition Myotonia my/o/ton/ia is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after a voluntary contraction my/o / means muscle ton/ means tone -ia / means condition Ataxia a/tax/ia is the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement. these movement are often shaky and unsteady a- / means without tax / means coordination -ia / means condition Dystaxia dys/tax/ia also known as partial ataxia ; is a mild form of ataxia ; dys- / means bad tax/ means coordination -ia / means condition my,myo, muscul Muscle fasci, fascia sheath; fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles. fibr means fiber kines, kinesi means movement -plegia paralysis ton means tone tax coordination tri means three duct means lead -ion means action tens means stretch out flex means bend ceps means head bi means two lysis means breakdown, destroy poly means many sarc means flesh brady slow -asthenia means weekness condyl means condyle -paresis means partial or incomplete paralysis or weekness hemi means half quadri means four electr means electricity neur means nerve -dynia means pain carpi means wrist bone clon means violent action contracture is the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin. the most common causes of contractures are scarring or lack of use due to immobilizaton or inactivity. Intermittent claudication is pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest. This condition which is due to poor circulation. Intermittent - means coming and going claudication - means limping spasm is a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles. cramp is a localized muscles spasm named for its cause, such as a heat cramp or writer's cramp. Bradykinesia brady/kines/ia is extreme slowness in movement ( one of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease) brady- / means slow kines / means movement -ia / means condition Dyskinesia dys/kines/ia is the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm. A tic is a spasmodic muscular contration that often involves parts of the face. dys-/ means bad kines / means movement -ia / means condition Hyperkinesia hyper/kines/ia also known as hyperactivity. is abnormal increased muscle function or activity. hyper- / means excessive kines/ means movement -ia / means condition Hyopkinesia hypo/kines/ia is abnormally decreased muscle function or activity hypo- / means deficient kines / means movement -ia / means condition Myclonus my/clon/us is the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles my / means muscle clon / means violent action -us / means is a singular noun ending Nocturnal myoclonus is jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep Nocturnal means pertaining to night. Singultus is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with a spasm. Myasthenia gravis my/asthenia is a chronic autoimmune disease that affect the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. my / means muscles -asthenia / means weakness or lack of strength sprain strain shin splint hamstring injury Achilles tendinitis Sprain - is an injury to a joint, such as snkle, knee or wrist Strain- is an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon. overuse injuries Shin splint -is a painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone) usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg. hamstring injury - can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee. Achilles tendinitis - is a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon. Ganglion Cyst is a harmless fluidfilled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist. Epicondylitis epi/condyl/itis is inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow epi- / means on condyl / means condyl -itis / means inflammation Plantar fasciitis heel spur Plantar fasciitis - is an inflammation of fascia on the sole of the foot is a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to calcaneus (heel) CTS Carpal tunnel syndrome when tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen. EMG electomyography is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation FMS Fibromyalgia syndrome is a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse and or specific muscle,joint,or bone pain hemi hemiplegia is total paralysis affecting only one side of the body / offten associated with a stroke or brain damage IS impingement syndrome occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder. IC intermittent claudication is pain in the leg muscle that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest MD muscular dystophy is progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement MG myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness or lack of strength PM polymyositis is a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body. quad quadriplegia, quadriplegic Paralysis of all four extremities RSD repetitive stess disorder is a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities.. frequently repeated motions. CFS Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems Myoparesis my/o/paresis is a wakness or slight mescular paralysis my/o - means muscle -paresis / means partial or incomplete paralysis Hemiplegia hemi/plegia is slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body hemi / means half -plegia / means paralysis Paraplegia is the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body Quadriplegia quandr/i/plegia is paralysis of all four extremities quadr/i means four -plegia means paralysis Cardioplegia cardi/oplegia also known as cardiac arrest is paralysis of the heart cardi/o means heart - plegia means paralysis Occupational therapy Physical therapy - to prevent disability or to restore functioning through the use of excersie, heat, massage. Myofascial release - is a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of condition Therapeutic ultrasound - utilizes high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue. RICE Rest Ice Compression Elevation