AUD 10A Midterm Flashcards

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Period? Where? Date? Description?
Terra Amata
Prehistoric. Early Settlement. Near Nice. 380,000 BCE
Perimeter w/ indicated center around hearth. Separation of outside and inside. Like vault, using rocks to keep horizontal pressure in place.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Painted Caves
Prehistoric. Early Settlement.
@ Lascaux 20,000- 10,000 BCE
Indicated lifestyles of civilization.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Kerloas Menhir
Prehistoric. @ Brittany c 3500 BCE
Sacred mountain. Imitating nature. Center marking location. Megalithic construction.


Period? Where? Date? Description?
Ballykeel Dolman
Prehistoric. @ County Armagh, Ireland. 3000 BCE
Early indication of shelter. Megalithic. Perimeter.


Period? Where? Date? Description?

Ggantija
Prehistoric. Early Sacred site. @ Malta, 2900-1400 BCE
Cyclocean masonry. Artificial caves mimicking nature. Axial orientation of each sector.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Stonehenge
Prehistoric. Early Sacred Site.
Near Amesbury. 2900- 1400 BCE
Megalithic construction. Observing nature. Perimeter formed. Culmination of construction skills and scientific observation of Prehistoric civilizations.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Acropolis
Ancient Mesopotamia. Sacred Sites. Sumerian.
@ Tepe Gawra. 3800 BCE
Technique to build walls against each other for stabilization allowed taller buildings.



Period? Where? Date? Description?

White Temple
Ancient Mesopotamia. Sacred site. Sumerian.
@ Uruk 3500-3000 BCE
Raised building to show sacredness. Sacred mountain. Stripes produce shadows that make building look stronger. Engaged pilasters for support. Offset entrance for privacy.




Period? Where? Date? Description?
Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu
Ancient Mesopotamia sacred site. Sumerian.
@ Ur. 2100 BCE
Mimics nature in sacred mountain. Stairs to ascend to heaven. Engaged pilasters and shape for tapering inward structure for support.



Period? Where? Date? Description?
Step Pyramid
Old Kingdom Egypt. @ Saqqara 2630 BCE
Fitted blocks. First form of pyramid from mastaba. Early evolution of pyramids. Building upwards and narrower at top representing ascending to heaven. Axially oriented & with cardinal directions. Creates center but also perimeter blocking robbers. Mimics nature in sacred mountain form, but contrast, against mild landscape.


Period? Where? Date? Description?
Bent Pyramid
Old Kingdom Egypt. @ Dahshur 2500 BCE
Helped determine right angle for pyramid slope. Continued evolution of pyramid.


Period? Where? Date? Description?
Khufu aka Cheops
Old Kingdom Egypt. @ Giza. 2551-2528 BCE
Largest of Giza pyramids. Use of corbelling to reduce weight on chambers.

Khafra aka Chefren
Old Kingdom Egypt. @ Giza. 2520-2494 BCE
Second largest pyramid at Giza. One in the middle w/ part o lime stone covering still intact.

Menkaure aka Mycerinus
Old Kingdom Egypt @ Giza. 2490-2472 BCE
Smallest pyramid


Period? Where? Date? Description?
Tomb of Mentuhotep II
Middle Kingdom Egypt. @ Deir-el-Bahari. 2061- 2010 BCE
Blends into nature. Subtractive and into cave. Axial design. Protected by mountain behind it. Prototype for Hatshepsut's Morturary Temple. Two levels of colonnade terraces.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Rock-cut Tombs
Middle Kingdom Egypt. @ Beni-hasan. 2000- 1900 BCE
Subtractive space- not free standing. Shrinks into landscape, to be hidden. Similar to Doric columns. Evolution into Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple. Carved out of rock, to look at reed/wooden structures- like Rock temples @ Karli.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple
New Kingdom Egypt. @ Deir-el- Bahari 1473-1458 BCE
Built into mountain; subtractive space that shrinks into landscape for concealment. Stairs towards heaven like ziggurat and pyramid.. Axially oriented. Frontally viewed. Three terraces colonnades.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Palace Complex
Aegean Cultures- Minoan. @ Knossos 1700-1380 BCE
Reconstructed by Sir Arthur Evans. Entasis columns. Brightly colored. Many turns to get into Palace, not axially oriented entrances. Large courtyard at center w/ things organized around.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Treasury of Atreus
Aegean Culture- Mycenean. @ Mycenae c 1330 BCE
Corbelled stone chamber w/ relief triangle at top. Tomb. Covered w/ earthen mound for stabilty.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Citadel
Aegean Culture- Mycenean. @ Mycenae. c 1600-1250 BCE
Located between twin peaks (Mother Goddess) protecting it. Architecture puts building in context w/ space around it. Cyclopean walls. Like Lion's Gate w/ large stones in post-lintel construction. Like corbelling, but with relief carving of lions. Used to intimidate enemies. Defense!

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Temple of Hera II
Classic Greek. @ Paestum 450 BCE
6 Doric columns (tapered) in front w/ flattened capital. w/ stylobate and frieze separated by alternating metope / triglyphs. United into one whole temple. Microcosm of Hera. . Viewed at an angle.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Parthenon
Classic Greek. @ Athens. 448-432 BCE
Views at an angle. Optical correction to make it look straight. Springing capital. 8 Doric columns (entasis). Geometry controlled by golden section. Tapered columns inwards. Garishly painted. Pediments & frieze carved stories. Corner columns closer together to fix triglyph problem.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Propylea
Classic Greek. @ Athens 437 BCE
Use of Ionic and Doric columns. Gateway into Athenian Acropolis and part of procession. Creates entrance.


Period? Where? Date? Description?
Temple of Athena Nike
Classic Greek. designed 448 BCE, built 420s
Small temple on Athenian Acropolis. 4 Ionic columns.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Erechtheion
Classic Greek. Designed 448 BCe, built 420s.
6 Caryatid columns on one side. Half dedicated to Athena, half to Poseidon.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Sanctuary of Asclepius
Hellenistic Greek. @ Kos 300-150 BCE
Controlled nature by landscaping around buildings. Buildings as perimeters. Axially oriented w/ stairs straight into temple. Stoas to create edge.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Theater
Hellenistic Greek. @ Epidauros. 350-2nd cent BCE
Use of landscape to create hilled theater. Incoroporation of nature, openness with it. Accoustic design reverberates sound.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Portonaccio Temple
Ancient Rome- Etruscans. @ veii. 515-490 BCE
2 rows. Tuscan columns. W architrave on cantilevered roof. Stylobate and small front stairs (porch). Viewed from front only.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Pont du Gard
Ancient Roman. @ Nimes 20-16 BCE
Aqueduct system using true arches to carry drinking water into cities.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Temple of Fortuna Virilis
Ancient Roman. @ Rome. 2nd century BCE
Ionic columns w/ stairs. Frontally viewed. Columns engaged with cella wall, expanding internal space.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Pantheon
Ancient Roman. @ Rome c. 125 CE
Frontally viewed. Incorporated dome so interior is bigger. Isolation of nature and important interior. Axial. Focused on individual more than Gods. Front lined with Corinthian columns. Dome supported by thick drum.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Arch of Septimius Severus
Ancient Roman. @ Rome. 203 CE
True arch with engaged columns for ornamentation. Commemorative statue to celebrate victory.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Palace of Diocletian
Ancient Roman. @ Split. 305 CE
Organization microcosm of city grid or universe. Axis separates palace into different sections with different purposes. King's accommodations pushed to back, not fully centered. Oriented towards the sun.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Baths of Diocletian
Ancient Rome. 298-306 CE
Domed ceiling. Engaged columns for support. Grandeur or baths showed importance of water. Social activity on Roman culture.


Period? Where? Date? Description?

Theater of Marcellus
Ancient Rome. @ Rome 13-11 CE.
Complete isolation from exterior. Diff from Epidauros, support for seats not on hillside, but on vaulted structure of cut stone and concrete.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Flavian Amphitheater
Ancient Roman. @ Rome. 80 CE
True arches stacked w/ engaged columns. Spectacle arena composed of concrete. 'False' floor w/ passageways/entrances built beneath. Outside covered w/ veneer to hide stone masonry.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Trajan's Forum
Ancient Roman. @ Rome. 100-114 CE
Perimeter. Outside turned into inside. Center marked with statue.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Hadrian's Villa
Ancient Rome. @ Tivoli. 117-138 CE
Ionic columns create perimeter. Concentric circles created w/ columns. Used as hinge for other spaces to organize. Use of concrete to build above water features.


Period? Where? Date? Description?
Great Stupa
India- Buddhist Shrines. @ Sanchi. 250- BCE- 250 CE
Dome-like mound for earth. Contains center and surrounded by perimeter and topped with chatra (bodi tree). Processions occur inside. Uses wood/bamboo techniques but carved out of stone. Symbolizes balance between life and death. Axial and cardinally oriented. Seen with an Asokan column nearby. 4 gates marked with carving.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Cave Temples
India- Buddhist shrines. @ Karli. 100 BCE
Subtractive space cut into cave. Carved columns and overhead arches in stone for design, but structure. Barrel shaped ceiling w/ arched ribs.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Lingaraja Temple
Indian-Hindu temple. @ Bhubaneshwar. 1050-1150 CE.
Halls lined in axis. Center of landscape. Sacred mountain. Tapered upwards. Slowly curved inwards at top. Extensive carving on outside, narrow passageway inside.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Pancha Rathas
India- Hindu Shrines. @ Mahabalipuram c 700 CE
Stone temples carved to represent post-lintel constructions. Carvings surrounding outside. Using techniques for wood, but much heavier when constructed from stone.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Bribadishwara Temple
India- Hindu Temple. @ Tanjavur c 1100 CE
Sacred mountain marking center. Axial alignment. Extensive carving outside. Tapering inwards.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Meenakshi Temple
Indian- Hindu temple. @ Madurai from 700 CE
Extensive carving outside. Tapered inwards. Brightly colored.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Angkor Wat
Indian-Hindu temple. @ Cambodia c 1120 CE
Architecture for water retention purposes. Khmer and Indian fusion. Corbelling- no large interiors. Shrine located at center, w/ many layers around it. Axial alignment through all layers.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Fogong Pagoda
Chinese. @ Shanxi Province 1056
7 layered cantilevered roof. Center marks signigicant location. Sacred mountain. Protects ancient Buddhist relics. Constructed out of wood with bracket sets and curved roof. Frontal view. Intense contrast between exterior and interior.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Nanchan Monastery
Chinese. @ Shanxi Province. 782
Followed Yingzhao Fashi. Raised platform with stairs (like Romans). Cantilevered roof w/ bracket sets. Frontally viewed enclosed walls with engaged tapering columns. Tiled roof top.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Jinci Temple Complex
Chinese. @ Taiyuan. 1023- 1032
Cantilevered roof w/ columns around. Raised platform w/ stairs. Frontally viewed. Located around river. Axially aligned. Processional axis. Integrated nature.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Hall of Supreme Harmony
Chinese. @ Beijing. 15th century
Center of Forbidden City. Raised platform frontally viewed. Axis scheme in moving straight and through gates into king's center. Frontal columns. Cantilevered roof.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Horyuji Temple Complex
Japanese. Near Nara. 670- 714
Balance between dissimilar objects- fatter/shorter shrine and skinnier taller pagoda. Complimentary. Cantilevered roofs. Both have raised platforms. Axial plan through gates.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Ise Shrine
Japanese. @ Ugi- Yamada 690-present
Reconstruction of shrine every 20 years. Wood frame construction on platform raised above ground w/ steeped roof. Purlin like horizantal beans on roof to disperse weight. Because of rebuild of shrines, essence of Japanese architecture preserved through ages.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Katsura Imperial Palace
Japanese. @ Kyoto 1616-1660
Incorporation of nature into design w/ open doors. Unmilled wood in building. Tea ceremony. Spare interior. Nature framed to become part of architecture.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Jericho
Early Cities. 8000 BC
Huge walls to protect water supply. Perimeter to create barrier. Various stages of enclosure. Fortified city of hunters/gatherers.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Catal Hüyük
Early cities. 6500-5700 BC
Very dense w/o streets. No enclouse/perimeter. Mudbrick walls and post/lintel timber housing. Houses contained shrines to worship deities. Themes of prehistoric cave art still pertinant. Precursor to more sophisticated communities.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Khorsabad
Mesopotamian cities. Assyrian. 720 BCE
King's accommodations located at very back, so can prepare for enemies & for protection. Orthogonal arrangement. Architecture for glory of king, not God. Has a step pyramid!

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Persepolis
Mesopotamia city. Persian. founded 518 BCE
Perimeter for protection. Took many ideas from conquered cultures. Hypstyle halls & Egyptian gates. Influences for stone architecture in India.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Athens the Acropolis and Agora
Greek city. Built to look jumbled but actually lines point towards statue. Site plan encourages you to walk through whole building and experience landscape. Located in front of sacred mountain, which can be viewed. Organized around procession way.


Period? Where? Date? Description?
Ancient Corinth
Greek city. founded c 10th cent; destroyed 146 BCE
In front of sacred mountain, but must turn back on Mother Goddess to enter Temple of Apollo.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Rome
Roman city founed 8th century BCE
Hastily built and not orderly, but when burnt down and rebuilt, very orthogonal plan. w/ decumas and cardo main streets.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Pompeii
Roman cities. founded 8th c BCE; buried 79 CE
Grid plan city. Heavy wall outside. Streets ran parallel and perpendicular to forum. Baths, exercise facility & theater. Triumphal arch @ N. entrance.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Timgad
Roman cities. c 100 CE
Orthogonal plan. Grid plan city. Decumas and cardo main streets intersecting at forum at center. Walled enclosure with 4 entrances.



Period? Where? Date? Description?
Ancient Corinth
Roman city. Refounded 44 BCE
Romans reorganized buildings to be more frontal and axial. Reversed Temple of Apollo. Added buildings to fill in space.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Mohenjo Daro
South Asian city. c 2700 BCE, abandoned c 1500 BCE
Collection of water of supreme importance. Advance drainage system. Houses organized around central courtyard.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Angkor Wat
South Asian cities. @ Cambodia. 1120 CE
Layers & multiple gates. Water retention. Axial.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Chang-'An
Chinese cities. from 6th century CE
Highly organized orthogonal plan. Cardinal directions. Main system divided into smaller neighborhoods. Like Timgad.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Beijing
Chinese cities. from 2400 BCE
Axial. Procession through many gates to center where king is. Perimeter separated Forbidden City from outer commoners.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Sant' Apollonare Nuovo
Early Christian. @ Ravenna c 490
Took on form of Roman basilica. Axial alignment. Middle highest hierarchy microcosm of religious hierarchy. Separation of outside and inside like Romans, but for religious purposes. Arcade finihsed with mosaics.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Old St. Peter's
Early Christian. @ Rome 318-322
Center marking St Peter's tomb. Basilican plan.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Santa Costanza
Early Christian. @ Rome. 350
Center to mark Saint Costanza's tomb. Lower aisle spaces flanking higher nave.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Sant' Apollonare in Classe
Byzantine. @ Ravenna 532- 549
Has extra tower not found in Sant' Apollonare Nuovo. Scale larger than Sant' Apollonare Nuovo. Exposed wooded ceiling.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Hagia Sofia
Byzantine. @ Constantinople. 532- 537
Perforated dome for light, thought exterior hard and solid, interior contrast w/ light and fragile look. Ribbed dome supported by semi-domes and pendentives.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
San Vitale
Byzantine. @ Ravenna. 538-548
Tension between exterior and interior.
Period? Where? Date? Description? San Marco
Byzantine. @ Venice. 830. rebuilt 1063-1089
5 domes with central dome tallest. Domes topped with onion domes and Greek-cross plans. Exterior domes built larger than actual interior space- just for appearance.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Church of the Raising of Lazarus
Russian church. @ Kizhi 1391
Diminutive dome on stalk marks it as church. Three celled structure.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
St. Basil the Blessed
Russian church. @ Moscow. 1555-1560
Central sanctuary surrounded by chapels. Highly compartmentalized interior.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Dome of the Rock
Islamic early shrine. @ Jerusalem. 687-691
CENTER- sacred place for several reasons.


Period? Where? Date? Description?
House of the Prophet
Islamic early shrine. @ Medina. c 622
Prototype for mosques. Open central court for sermons, gatherings, prayer.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil
Islamic Hypostyle Mosque. @ Samarra, Iraq
848-852
Perimeter enclosing space. Prominent mineret (tower) references ziggurat.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Great Mosque
Islamic Hypostyle Mosque. @ Cordoba, Spain
833-988
Superimposed arches connect columns.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Bibi Khanum Mosque
Islamic Iwan Mosque. @ Samarkand, Uzbekistan
1399
Iwan (vaulted/dome on three sides).

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Masjid-i-Shah
Islamic Iwan Mosque. @ Isfahan, Iran
1611-1630
Honeycomb vaults within iwan.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Friday Mosque
Islamic Iwan Mosque. @ Fatehpur SIkri, India
1568-1571

Period? Where? Date? Description?

Shezade Mosque
Islamic Domed mosque. @ Istanbul1545-1548
Symmmetic geotry of balanced volumed of interior space and exterior massing punctuated with minarets.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Mosque of Suleyman the Magnificent
Islamic Domed Mosque. @ Istanbul 1550-1557
4 minarets. Mosque at center.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Selimiye Mosque
Islamic Domed Mosque. @ Edirne. 1568-1575
Domed haram, w/o semidomes. 4 minarets.

Period? Where? Date? Description?
Taj Mahal
Islamic Tomb and Palaces. @ Agra 1631-1647
Pool creats a vertical symmtery to entire structure has horizantal and vertical symmetry.

Period? Where? Date? Description?

The Alhambra
Islamic tombs an palaces. @ Granada. 13th-14th century
Reflecting pool like Taj Mahal's creates illusion of symmetry. Stylized w/ repearting geometricized patterns. Corbelled arch. 3D geometric patterns.