Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Terra Amata Prehistoric. Early Settlement. Near Nice. 380,000 BCE Perimeter w/ indicated center around hearth. Separation of outside and inside. Like vault, using rocks to keep horizontal pressure in place. |
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Painted Caves Prehistoric. Early Settlement. @ Lascaux 20,000- 10,000 BCE Indicated lifestyles of civilization. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Kerloas Menhir Prehistoric. @ Brittany c 3500 BCE Sacred mountain. Imitating nature. Center marking location. Megalithic construction.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Ballykeel Dolman Prehistoric. @ County Armagh, Ireland. 3000 BCE Early indication of shelter. Megalithic. Perimeter.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Ggantija Prehistoric. Early Sacred site. @ Malta, 2900-1400 BCE Cyclocean masonry. Artificial caves mimicking nature. Axial orientation of each sector. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Stonehenge Prehistoric. Early Sacred Site. Near Amesbury. 2900- 1400 BCE Megalithic construction. Observing nature. Perimeter formed. Culmination of construction skills and scientific observation of Prehistoric civilizations. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Acropolis Ancient Mesopotamia. Sacred Sites. Sumerian. @ Tepe Gawra. 3800 BCE Technique to build walls against each other for stabilization allowed taller buildings.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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White Temple Ancient Mesopotamia. Sacred site. Sumerian. @ Uruk 3500-3000 BCE Raised building to show sacredness. Sacred mountain. Stripes produce shadows that make building look stronger. Engaged pilasters for support. Offset entrance for privacy.
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Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu Ancient Mesopotamia sacred site. Sumerian. @ Ur. 2100 BCE Mimics nature in sacred mountain. Stairs to ascend to heaven. Engaged pilasters and shape for tapering inward structure for support.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Step Pyramid Old Kingdom Egypt. @ Saqqara 2630 BCE Fitted blocks. First form of pyramid from mastaba. Early evolution of pyramids. Building upwards and narrower at top representing ascending to heaven. Axially oriented & with cardinal directions. Creates center but also perimeter blocking robbers. Mimics nature in sacred mountain form, but contrast, against mild landscape.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Bent Pyramid Old Kingdom Egypt. @ Dahshur 2500 BCE Helped determine right angle for pyramid slope. Continued evolution of pyramid.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Khufu aka Cheops Old Kingdom Egypt. @ Giza. 2551-2528 BCE Largest of Giza pyramids. Use of corbelling to reduce weight on chambers.
Khafra aka Chefren
Old Kingdom Egypt. @ Giza. 2520-2494 BCE
Second largest pyramid at Giza. One in the middle w/ part o lime stone covering still intact.
Menkaure aka Mycerinus Old Kingdom Egypt @ Giza. 2490-2472 BCE Smallest pyramid
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Tomb of Mentuhotep II Middle Kingdom Egypt. @ Deir-el-Bahari. 2061- 2010 BCE Blends into nature. Subtractive and into cave. Axial design. Protected by mountain behind it. Prototype for Hatshepsut's Morturary Temple. Two levels of colonnade terraces. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Rock-cut Tombs Middle Kingdom Egypt. @ Beni-hasan. 2000- 1900 BCE Subtractive space- not free standing. Shrinks into landscape, to be hidden. Similar to Doric columns. Evolution into Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple. Carved out of rock, to look at reed/wooden structures- like Rock temples @ Karli. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple New Kingdom Egypt. @ Deir-el- Bahari 1473-1458 BCE Built into mountain; subtractive space that shrinks into landscape for concealment. Stairs towards heaven like ziggurat and pyramid.. Axially oriented. Frontally viewed. Three terraces colonnades. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Palace Complex Aegean Cultures- Minoan. @ Knossos 1700-1380 BCE Reconstructed by Sir Arthur Evans. Entasis columns. Brightly colored. Many turns to get into Palace, not axially oriented entrances. Large courtyard at center w/ things organized around. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Treasury of Atreus Aegean Culture- Mycenean. @ Mycenae c 1330 BCE Corbelled stone chamber w/ relief triangle at top. Tomb. Covered w/ earthen mound for stabilty. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Citadel Aegean Culture- Mycenean. @ Mycenae. c 1600-1250 BCE Located between twin peaks (Mother Goddess) protecting it. Architecture puts building in context w/ space around it. Cyclopean walls. Like Lion's Gate w/ large stones in post-lintel construction. Like corbelling, but with relief carving of lions. Used to intimidate enemies. Defense! |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Temple of Hera II Classic Greek. @ Paestum 450 BCE 6 Doric columns (tapered) in front w/ flattened capital. w/ stylobate and frieze separated by alternating metope / triglyphs. United into one whole temple. Microcosm of Hera. . Viewed at an angle. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Parthenon Classic Greek. @ Athens. 448-432 BCE Views at an angle. Optical correction to make it look straight. Springing capital. 8 Doric columns (entasis). Geometry controlled by golden section. Tapered columns inwards. Garishly painted. Pediments & frieze carved stories. Corner columns closer together to fix triglyph problem. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Propylea Classic Greek. @ Athens 437 BCE Use of Ionic and Doric columns. Gateway into Athenian Acropolis and part of procession. Creates entrance.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Temple of Athena Nike Classic Greek. designed 448 BCE, built 420s Small temple on Athenian Acropolis. 4 Ionic columns. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Erechtheion Classic Greek. Designed 448 BCe, built 420s. 6 Caryatid columns on one side. Half dedicated to Athena, half to Poseidon. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Sanctuary of Asclepius Hellenistic Greek. @ Kos 300-150 BCE Controlled nature by landscaping around buildings. Buildings as perimeters. Axially oriented w/ stairs straight into temple. Stoas to create edge. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Theater Hellenistic Greek. @ Epidauros. 350-2nd cent BCE Use of landscape to create hilled theater. Incoroporation of nature, openness with it. Accoustic design reverberates sound. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Portonaccio Temple Ancient Rome- Etruscans. @ veii. 515-490 BCE 2 rows. Tuscan columns. W architrave on cantilevered roof. Stylobate and small front stairs (porch). Viewed from front only. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Pont du Gard Ancient Roman. @ Nimes 20-16 BCE Aqueduct system using true arches to carry drinking water into cities. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Temple of Fortuna Virilis Ancient Roman. @ Rome. 2nd century BCE Ionic columns w/ stairs. Frontally viewed. Columns engaged with cella wall, expanding internal space. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Pantheon Ancient Roman. @ Rome c. 125 CE Frontally viewed. Incorporated dome so interior is bigger. Isolation of nature and important interior. Axial. Focused on individual more than Gods. Front lined with Corinthian columns. Dome supported by thick drum. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Arch of Septimius Severus Ancient Roman. @ Rome. 203 CE True arch with engaged columns for ornamentation. Commemorative statue to celebrate victory. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Palace of Diocletian Ancient Roman. @ Split. 305 CE Organization microcosm of city grid or universe. Axis separates palace into different sections with different purposes. King's accommodations pushed to back, not fully centered. Oriented towards the sun. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Baths of Diocletian Ancient Rome. 298-306 CE Domed ceiling. Engaged columns for support. Grandeur or baths showed importance of water. Social activity on Roman culture.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Theater of Marcellus Ancient Rome. @ Rome 13-11 CE. Complete isolation from exterior. Diff from Epidauros, support for seats not on hillside, but on vaulted structure of cut stone and concrete. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Flavian Amphitheater Ancient Roman. @ Rome. 80 CE True arches stacked w/ engaged columns. Spectacle arena composed of concrete. 'False' floor w/ passageways/entrances built beneath. Outside covered w/ veneer to hide stone masonry. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Trajan's Forum Ancient Roman. @ Rome. 100-114 CE Perimeter. Outside turned into inside. Center marked with statue. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Hadrian's Villa Ancient Rome. @ Tivoli. 117-138 CE Ionic columns create perimeter. Concentric circles created w/ columns. Used as hinge for other spaces to organize. Use of concrete to build above water features.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Great Stupa India- Buddhist Shrines. @ Sanchi. 250- BCE- 250 CE Dome-like mound for earth. Contains center and surrounded by perimeter and topped with chatra (bodi tree). Processions occur inside. Uses wood/bamboo techniques but carved out of stone. Symbolizes balance between life and death. Axial and cardinally oriented. Seen with an Asokan column nearby. 4 gates marked with carving. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Cave Temples India- Buddhist shrines. @ Karli. 100 BCE Subtractive space cut into cave. Carved columns and overhead arches in stone for design, but structure. Barrel shaped ceiling w/ arched ribs. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Lingaraja Temple Indian-Hindu temple. @ Bhubaneshwar. 1050-1150 CE. Halls lined in axis. Center of landscape. Sacred mountain. Tapered upwards. Slowly curved inwards at top. Extensive carving on outside, narrow passageway inside. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Pancha Rathas India- Hindu Shrines. @ Mahabalipuram c 700 CE Stone temples carved to represent post-lintel constructions. Carvings surrounding outside. Using techniques for wood, but much heavier when constructed from stone. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Bribadishwara Temple India- Hindu Temple. @ Tanjavur c 1100 CE Sacred mountain marking center. Axial alignment. Extensive carving outside. Tapering inwards. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Meenakshi Temple Indian- Hindu temple. @ Madurai from 700 CE Extensive carving outside. Tapered inwards. Brightly colored. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Angkor Wat Indian-Hindu temple. @ Cambodia c 1120 CE Architecture for water retention purposes. Khmer and Indian fusion. Corbelling- no large interiors. Shrine located at center, w/ many layers around it. Axial alignment through all layers. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Fogong Pagoda Chinese. @ Shanxi Province 1056 7 layered cantilevered roof. Center marks signigicant location. Sacred mountain. Protects ancient Buddhist relics. Constructed out of wood with bracket sets and curved roof. Frontal view. Intense contrast between exterior and interior. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Nanchan Monastery Chinese. @ Shanxi Province. 782 Followed Yingzhao Fashi. Raised platform with stairs (like Romans). Cantilevered roof w/ bracket sets. Frontally viewed enclosed walls with engaged tapering columns. Tiled roof top. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Jinci Temple Complex Chinese. @ Taiyuan. 1023- 1032 Cantilevered roof w/ columns around. Raised platform w/ stairs. Frontally viewed. Located around river. Axially aligned. Processional axis. Integrated nature. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Hall of Supreme Harmony Chinese. @ Beijing. 15th century Center of Forbidden City. Raised platform frontally viewed. Axis scheme in moving straight and through gates into king's center. Frontal columns. Cantilevered roof. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Horyuji Temple Complex Japanese. Near Nara. 670- 714 Balance between dissimilar objects- fatter/shorter shrine and skinnier taller pagoda. Complimentary. Cantilevered roofs. Both have raised platforms. Axial plan through gates. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Ise Shrine Japanese. @ Ugi- Yamada 690-present Reconstruction of shrine every 20 years. Wood frame construction on platform raised above ground w/ steeped roof. Purlin like horizantal beans on roof to disperse weight. Because of rebuild of shrines, essence of Japanese architecture preserved through ages. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Katsura Imperial Palace Japanese. @ Kyoto 1616-1660 Incorporation of nature into design w/ open doors. Unmilled wood in building. Tea ceremony. Spare interior. Nature framed to become part of architecture. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Jericho Early Cities. 8000 BC Huge walls to protect water supply. Perimeter to create barrier. Various stages of enclosure. Fortified city of hunters/gatherers. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Catal
Hüyük Early cities. 6500-5700
BC Very dense w/o streets. No enclouse/perimeter. Mudbrick walls and post/lintel timber housing. Houses contained shrines to worship deities. Themes of prehistoric cave art still pertinant. Precursor to more sophisticated communities.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Khorsabad Mesopotamian cities. Assyrian. 720 BCE King's accommodations located at very back, so can prepare for enemies & for protection. Orthogonal arrangement. Architecture for glory of king, not God. Has a step pyramid! |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Persepolis Mesopotamia city. Persian. founded 518 BCE Perimeter for protection. Took many ideas from conquered cultures. Hypstyle halls & Egyptian gates. Influences for stone architecture in India. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Athens the Acropolis and Agora Greek city. Built to look jumbled but actually lines point towards statue. Site plan encourages you to walk through whole building and experience landscape. Located in front of sacred mountain, which can be viewed. Organized around procession way.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Ancient Corinth Greek city. founded c 10th cent; destroyed 146 BCE In front of sacred mountain, but must turn back on Mother Goddess to enter Temple of Apollo. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Rome Roman city founed 8th century BCE Hastily built and not orderly, but when burnt down and rebuilt, very orthogonal plan. w/ decumas and cardo main streets. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Pompeii Roman cities. founded 8th c BCE; buried 79 CE Grid plan city. Heavy wall outside. Streets ran parallel and perpendicular to forum. Baths, exercise facility & theater. Triumphal arch @ N. entrance. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Timgad Roman cities. c 100 CE Orthogonal plan. Grid plan city. Decumas and cardo main streets intersecting at forum at center. Walled enclosure with 4 entrances.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Ancient Corinth Roman city. Refounded 44 BCE Romans reorganized buildings to be more frontal and axial. Reversed Temple of Apollo. Added buildings to fill in space. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Mohenjo Daro South Asian city. c 2700 BCE, abandoned c 1500 BCE Collection of water of supreme importance. Advance drainage system. Houses organized around central courtyard. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Angkor Wat South Asian cities. @ Cambodia. 1120 CE Layers & multiple gates. Water retention. Axial. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Chang-'An Chinese cities. from 6th century CE Highly organized orthogonal plan. Cardinal directions. Main system divided into smaller neighborhoods. Like Timgad. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Beijing Chinese cities. from 2400 BCE Axial. Procession through many gates to center where king is. Perimeter separated Forbidden City from outer commoners. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Sant' Apollonare Nuovo Early Christian. @ Ravenna c 490 Took on form of Roman basilica. Axial alignment. Middle highest hierarchy microcosm of religious hierarchy. Separation of outside and inside like Romans, but for religious purposes. Arcade finihsed with mosaics. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Old St. Peter's Early Christian. @ Rome 318-322 Center marking St Peter's tomb. Basilican plan. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Santa Costanza Early Christian. @ Rome. 350 Center to mark Saint Costanza's tomb. Lower aisle spaces flanking higher nave. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Sant' Apollonare in Classe Byzantine. @ Ravenna 532- 549 Has extra tower not found in Sant' Apollonare Nuovo. Scale larger than Sant' Apollonare Nuovo. Exposed wooded ceiling. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Hagia Sofia Byzantine. @ Constantinople. 532- 537 Perforated dome for light, thought exterior hard and solid, interior contrast w/ light and fragile look. Ribbed dome supported by semi-domes and pendentives. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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San Vitale Byzantine. @ Ravenna. 538-548 Tension between exterior and interior. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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San Marco Byzantine. @ Venice. 830. rebuilt 1063-1089 5 domes with central dome tallest. Domes topped with onion domes and Greek-cross plans. Exterior domes built larger than actual interior space- just for appearance. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Church of the Raising of Lazarus Russian church. @ Kizhi 1391 Diminutive dome on stalk marks it as church. Three celled structure. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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St. Basil the Blessed Russian church. @ Moscow. 1555-1560 Central sanctuary surrounded by chapels. Highly compartmentalized interior. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Dome of the Rock Islamic early shrine. @ Jerusalem. 687-691 CENTER- sacred place for several reasons.
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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House of the Prophet Islamic early shrine. @ Medina. c 622 Prototype for mosques. Open central court for sermons, gatherings, prayer. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil Islamic Hypostyle Mosque. @ Samarra, Iraq 848-852 Perimeter enclosing space. Prominent mineret (tower) references ziggurat. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Great Mosque Islamic Hypostyle Mosque. @ Cordoba, Spain 833-988 Superimposed arches connect columns. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Bibi Khanum Mosque Islamic Iwan Mosque. @ Samarkand, Uzbekistan 1399 Iwan (vaulted/dome on three sides). |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Masjid-i-Shah Islamic Iwan Mosque. @ Isfahan, Iran 1611-1630 Honeycomb vaults within iwan. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Friday Mosque Islamic Iwan Mosque. @ Fatehpur SIkri, India 1568-1571 |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Shezade Mosque Islamic Domed mosque. @ Istanbul1545-1548 Symmmetic geotry of balanced volumed of interior space and exterior massing punctuated with minarets. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Mosque of Suleyman the Magnificent Islamic Domed Mosque. @ Istanbul 1550-1557 4 minarets. Mosque at center. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Selimiye Mosque Islamic Domed Mosque. @ Edirne. 1568-1575 Domed haram, w/o semidomes. 4 minarets. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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Taj Mahal Islamic Tomb and Palaces. @ Agra 1631-1647 Pool creats a vertical symmtery to entire structure has horizantal and vertical symmetry. |
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Period? Where? Date? Description? |
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The Alhambra Islamic tombs an palaces. @ Granada. 13th-14th century Reflecting pool like Taj Mahal's creates illusion of symmetry. Stylized w/ repearting geometricized patterns. Corbelled arch. 3D geometric patterns. |
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