Prolonged bed restRationale: The normal serum calcium level is 8.6 to 10.0 mg/dL. A client with a serum calcium level of 4.0 mg/dL is experiencing hypocalcemia. The excessive ingestion of vitamin D and hyperparathyroidism are causative factors associated with hypercalcemia. End-stage renal disease, rather than renal insufficiency, is a cause of hypocalcemia. Prolonged bed rest is a cause of ...
Absent patellar reflexAn intravenous magnesium infusion may be used to treat a low serum magnesium level. Normal serum magnesium is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L. Clinical manifestations of hypermagnesemia are the result of depressed neuromuscular transmission. Absent reflexes indicate a magnesium level around 7 mEq/L. Diarrhea and PVCs are not clinical manifestations of high magnesium levels. ...
Encourage the client to rest and to use pursed-lip breathing techniqueClients with COPD, especially those who are in a chronic compensated respiratory acidosis, are very sensitive to changes in O2 flow, because hypoxemia rather than high CO2 levels stimulates respirations. Deep breaths are not helpful, because clients with COPD have difficulty with air trapping in alveoli. There is no need to ...
Chloride is lost in hydrochloride acidSodium is essential to maintain extracellular fluid water balance. Phosphate is the major anion in intracellular fluid water balance that is essential in the function of muscle, red blood cells, and nervous system. A person tends to excrete more calcium with age. Chloride is lost through hydrochloride acid.
Acute renal failure.A serum potassium level of 6.0 mEq/L is indicative of acute renal failure. Malabsorption syndrome, nasogastric drainage, and laxative abuse may result in a low serum potassium level, because output may be greater than input. Diarrhea results in malabsorption syndrome and can come from laxative abuse. Fluids and electrolytes may be lost in the nasogastric drainage. Normal ...
Place the solution on an IV pump at the prescribed rate. Monitor blood glucose every six (6) hours. Monitor intake and output every shift.A. (correct) TPN is a hypertonic solution that has enough calories, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, and trace elements to sustain life. It is administered via a pump to prevent too rapid infusion.
B. (correct) TPN contains 50% dextrose solution; therefore, ...
The client in normal sinus rhythm with a peaked T wave.A. (correct) A client with a peaked wave could be experiencing hyperkalemia. Changes in potassium levels can initiate cardiac dysrhythmias and instability.
B. (incorrect) Fluctuations in rate are expected in clients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, and a heart rate of 100 is at the edge of a normal rate.
C. (incorrect) Most people ...
Tap the cheek about two (2) centimeters anterior to the ear lobe.A. (incorrect) The health care provider may need to be notified, but the nurse should perform assessment first.
B. (correct) These are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia, and the nurse can confirm this by tapping the cheek to elicit the Chvosteks sign. If the muscles of the cheek begin to twitch, then the health care provider ...
50-year-old with pneumonia, diaphoresis, and high feversDiaphoresis and a high fever can lead to free water loss through the skin, resulting in hypernatremia. Loop diuretics are more likely to result in a hypovolemic hyponatremia. Diarrhea and vomiting cause both sodium and water losses. Clients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) have hyponatremia, due to increased water ...
Discontinue the intravenous line.A. (incorrect) A new IV will be started in the right hand after the IV is discontinued.
B. (correct) The client has signs of phlebitis and the IV must be removed to prevent further complications.
C. (incorrect) Depending on the health-care facility, this may or may not be done, but client care comes before documentation.
D. (incorrect) A warm washrag placed on ...