Anaplasia
Dysplasia
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia
Cells swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl).
Cells shrink because of the influx of Calcium (Ca).
Cells swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO).
Cells shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl).
By stealing the cell’s oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia
By giving up an electron causing injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane
By stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest cell membranes
By transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane causing lysis
Iron
Hemoglobin
Transferrin
Ferritin
Liquefactive necrosis
Caseus necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
Gangrene necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Bacteriologic necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
They increase in size
They decrease in size
They undergo apoptosis
Metaplasia
Anaplasia
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
The liver dying
Increase in work load
Compensatory hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Ischemia
Chemical injury
Hypoxic injury
Physical injury
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Because the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP
Because sodium needs oxygen to move freely in and out of the cell
Because there is an increase in calcium extracellularly
Characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm
Results in benign malignancies
A programmed cell death of scattered single cells
Has unpredictable patterns of cell death
Because the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
Because the metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than lean adults
Because the rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than lean adults
Because adipose cells contain little water; fat is water repelling
Sodium is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space
Water is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space
Sodium is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space
Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space
Capillary oncotic pressure
Interstitial oncotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Capillary oncotic pressure
Interstitial oncotic pressure
Because the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure
Because the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure
Because the interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Because the capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Excessive diuretic therapy
Cushings disease and hyperaldosteronism
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
The decrease in antidiuretic hormone increases serum glucose, which binds to water.
The decrease in antidiuretic hormone prevents the renal tubules from reabsorbing water
The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of sodium that retains excessive water in the renal tubules
The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of water in the renal tubules
20:1
1:20
10:5
5:2
Elderly persons, thin women and infants
Thin women, obese persons and infants
Obese persons, elderly persons and infants
Infants, children and obese persons
Antidiuretic hormone
Hydrostatic forces
Plasma oncotic pressure
Osmotic forces
Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation
Increase in plasma osmolality
Decrease in serum sodium
Increase in glomerular filtration rate
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
By an increase in aldosterone secreted in the plasma
By an increase in antidiuretic hormone secreted in the plasma
By an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the plasma
By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma
They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
They increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion
They decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion
They increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
Hyperparathydroidism and malnutrition
Renal failure and crush injuries
Vomiting and diarrhea
Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease
Cardiac cell hyperexcitability
Cardiac cell repolarization
Depression of the sinoatrial (SA) node
Cardiac cell hypopolarization
Isotonic
Normotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
Thyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin A
Parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin D
Thyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin A
This enzyme travels along the double strand of DNA to unwind the nucleotides of the double helix.
This enzyme transports the double strand of DNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein formation
This enzyme holds the double strand apart while the correct nucleotides are added to the strand.
This enzyme travels along the single DNA strand adding the correct nucleotide to the new strand.
It is the process of a mutation of the amino acid sequence by a base pair substitution.
It is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.
It is the process by which RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides for protein synthesis.
It is the process by which DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
Nondisjunction
Translocation
Polyploidy
Aneuploidy
Gene mapping
Linkage analysis
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villi biopsy
Maternal translocations
Maternal nondisjunction
Paternal nondisjunction
Paternal translocation
Cri du chat syndrome
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Fragile X
Turner
Down
Klinefelter
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Down syndrome
Recessiveness
Dominance
Expressivity
Penetrance
X-linked dominant
Autosomal dominant
X-linked recessive
Autosomal recessive
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Father and mother
Father
Mother
LCAT genes
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes
CHK1 and CHK2 genes
TP53 and TP54 genes
Clostridium difficile
Staphylococcus aureus
Pneumonia
Streptococcus pyogenes
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