Geology Quiz - Study for Final
148 Questions I 1492 Attempts I Created By wap05a 1626 days agoThis is a personal quiz for study for a final.
Question Excerpt From Geology Quiz - Study for Final
| Q.1) | What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology? |
| Q.2) | Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition? |
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| Q.3) | The ___________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics. |
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| Q.4) | A ______ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. |
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| Q.5) | __________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma. |
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| Q.6) | _________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth. |
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| Q.7) | In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units? |
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| Q.8) | The ____ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth. |
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| Q.9) | ______ is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past". |
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| Q.10) | The _____ is not a part of the Earth's physical environment. |
| Q.11) | _______ is the process by which rocks break down in place to produce soils and sediments. |
| Q.12) | The composition of the core of the Earth is though to be ___ |
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| Q.13) | The asthenosphere is acutally a part of the _____ of the Earth. |
| Q.14) | The _____ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior. |
| Q.15) | The _____ is the thinnest layer of the Earth. |
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| Q.16) | Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ______. |
| Q.17) | The most prominent feature on the ocean floor are the _____. |
| Q.18) | Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding? |
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| Q.19) | Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2)? |
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| Q.20) | Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates? |
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| Q.21) | All silicate minerals contain which two elements? |
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| Q.22) | In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms? |
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| Q.23) | How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding? |
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| Q.24) | Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust? |
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| Q.25) | Which of the following has the highest specific gravity? |
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| Q.26) | Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral? |
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| Q.27) | The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock are known as _______. |
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| Q.28) | Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a ______. |
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| Q.29) | ________ has the same mineral composition as andesite? |
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| Q.30) | The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's reaction series result in igenous rocks with a ______ composition. |
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| Q.31) | Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface? |
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| Q.32) | ____________ magma is the most abundant type of erupted at oceanic spreading centers. |
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| Q.33) | Why would a plume of solid silicate rock rising slowly from deep in the mantle begin melting as it neared the base of the lithosphere? |
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| Q.34) | Which of the following best describes seamounts and islands of the deep ocean basins? |
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| Q.35) | _______ are usually the most abundant gasses emitted during basaltic volcanism. |
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| Q.36) | Which type of basaltic lava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble? |
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| Q.37) | Which one of the following statements is not true? |
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| Q.38) | Mount St. Helens is ____ |
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| Q.39) | The 1943 eruption of Paricutin in Mexico was characterized by ____ |
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| Q.40) | The recent (geologically) volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park is ______. |
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| Q.41) | What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils? |
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| Q.42) | In the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, north-facing slopes (downhill direction is toward the north) are typically more moist and heavily forested than south-facing slopes. Why? |
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| Q.43) | Which of the following statements about acidic preciptation is likely to be false? |
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| Q.44) | Which of the following best describes the "Dust Bowl"? |
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| Q.45) | Which of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock? |
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| Q.46) | Which of the following best describes sets of fractures in relatively fresh bedrock, such as granite, that are roughly parallel to the land surface? |
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| Q.47) | Which one of the following statements concerning mechanical weathering is not true? |
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| Q.48) | Which one of the following statements best describes erosion? |
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| Q.49) | What mineral particles are the dominant coloring agents in reddish, brownish, and yellowish soils? |
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| Q.50) | In which area would weathering by frost wedging probably be most effective? |
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| Q.51) | Which one of the following statements concerning soil erosion is not true? |
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| Q.52) | From the land surface downward to the unweathered bedrock, which of the following is the correct order of the different soil horizons? |
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| Q.53) | ___________, a common mineral found in igneous rocks, is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks. |
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| Q.54) | What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia? |
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| Q.55) | Which type of limestone consists mainly of tiny, marine fossils composed of calcite? |
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| Q.56) | Coal beds originate in _______. |
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| Q.57) | What major change occurs during metamorphism of limestone to marble? |
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| Q.58) | _______ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone. |
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| Q.59) | What foliated, metamorphic rock is texturally intermediate between slate and schist? |
| Q.60) | Which of the following metamorphic rocks could be used to meutralize acidic mine waters? |
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| Q.61) | What is the major source of heat for contact metamorphism? |
| Q.62) | During metamorphism, what is the major effect of chemically active fluids? |
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| Q.63) | Consider a weathered rock or soil particle lying on a slope. How will the gravitational force pulling the particle downward along the land surface vary with the inclination of the slope? |
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| Q.64) | Which one of the following operates primarily in areas of permafrost? |
| Q.65) | Why was the Alaskan pipeline built above ground and insulated? |
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| Q.66) | Which statement best describes slumping, a mass wasting process? |
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| Q.67) | All of the following are factors affecting mass wasting except for ______ |
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| Q.68) | The most rapid type of mass movement is a _______? |
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| Q.69) | As an erosional process, how is mass wasting unique form wind, water, and ice? |
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| Q.70) | ___________ is not part of the hydrologic cycle. |
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| Q.71) | Which of the following is the correct definition of stream gradient? |
| Q.72) | _______ make up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams. |
| Q.73) | ________ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream. |
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| Q.74) | What is the drop in water surface elevation divided by the distance the water flows? |
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| Q.75) | The ______ river has the largest discharge of any in the world. |
| Q.76) | _________ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream. |
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| Q.77) | Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream? |
| Q.78) | The water table is ________ |
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| Q.79) | _________ controls the ease (or difficulty) of groundwater transmission through a porous material. |
| Q.80) | ________ are characteristics found in all good aquifers. |
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| Q.81) | Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause ________ |
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| Q.82) | A _______ is the icicle-like speleothem that grows down from the roof of a cavern. |
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| Q.83) | __________ account for the largest usage of groundwater in the United States. |
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| Q.84) | The hot spring deposits at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, are travertine. What rock probably lies somewhere beneath the hot springs? |
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| Q.85) | An aquifer is ________ |
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| Q.86) | Which of the following best describes how geysers erupt? |
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| Q.87) | Where is the world's largest ice sheet located today? |
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| Q.88) | Which of the following applies to a valley glacier that lengthens (extends its terminus downslope) over a period of many years? |
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| Q.89) | The great, Southern Hemisphere glaciation that affected parts of Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica occurred _______ |
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| Q.90) | A fjord is _____ |
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| Q.91) | The ______ of the geologic time scale represents the time of the most recent "Ice Age". |
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| Q.92) | A(n) ______ is likely to host a waterfall or steep rapids today. |
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| Q.93) | How do icebergs in the North Atlantic Ocean originate? |
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| Q.94) | Which one of the following statements concerning glacial deposits is not true? |
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| Q.95) | What type of moraine is formed by the merging of two lateral moraines at a junction of two valley glaciers? |
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| Q.96) | ______ have rainfall amounts and soil moisture contents between those of true deserts and humid lands. |
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| Q.97) | Most dry lands lie between ____ degrees north and south of the equator. |
| Q.98) | Which one of the following statements concerning rock weathering is true? |
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| Q.99) | ________ refers to the "bouncing" mode of sand transport in a windstorm or stream. |
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| Q.100) | Which one of the following is the one best measure of the wetness or dryness of a region |
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| Q.101) | Which one of the following concerning desert lands is false? |
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| Q.102) | All of the following statements concerning dry lands are true except for? |
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| Q.103) | Which of the following best describes the climatic factors that cause low latitude deserts like the Sahara in Africa? |
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| Q.104) | A ____ is formed by abrasion of rocks by windblown sand. |
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| Q.105) | A ______ is a crescent-shaped dune whose tips point downward. |
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| Q.106) | Rainshadow deserts are common in _______ |
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| Q.107) | Which one of the following is a low-latitude desert characterized by high atmospheric pressures and descending air masses (not rain shadow deserts)? |
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| Q.108) | ________ is thought to form by partial melting and in situ crystallization of the melted portion. |
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| Q.109) | Which of the following would exhibit sheared and mechanically fragmented rocks? |
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| Q.110) | Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? |
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| Q.111) | In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely? |
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| Q.112) | How do the strength and cohesion of clay-rich regolith or soil change with the addition of water? |
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| Q.113) | Which mass wasting process has the slowest rate of movement? |
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| Q.114) | Which of the following statements concerning mudflows is not true? |
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| Q.115) | At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as ______. |
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| Q.116) | __________ are components of the hydrologic cycle that release water vapor directly to the atmosphere. |
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| Q.117) | ___________ is a major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases. |
| Q.118) | Volcanic bombs originate _________ |
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| Q.119) | The ______ ocean basin is rimmed by the most subduction zones. |
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| Q.120) | __________ tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano. |
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| Q.121) | Which one of the following statements concerning volcanic blocks and bombs is true? |
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| Q.122) | Which type of volcanism is typical of mid-oceanic ridge systems? |
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| Q.123) | A ____________ volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows. |
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| Q.124) | Which of the following statements best describes the big Hawaiian volcanoes? |
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| Q.125) | What portion of an angular, fracture-bounded granitic block shows the highest rate of weathering? |
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| Q.126) | Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which of the following statements is true? |
| Q.127) | Compaction is a very important part of the lithification process for which of the following sediments? |
| Q.128) | Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite? |
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| Q.129) | Studies of deep-sediment cores have contributed greatly to scientific knowledge of __________. |
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| Q.130) | Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is not true? |
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| Q.131) | _________ is not a common cementing agent for sandstones. |
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| Q.132) | Flint, chert, and jasper are microcrystalline forms of ________. |
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| Q.133) | Sedimentary rocks account for about what percentage of the Earth's outermost 10 kilometers of rock. Also, what percentage of the Earth's continental area is covered by sedimentary rocks? |
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| Q.134) | Which characteristic is absolutely necessary for a sedimentary rock to have potential as a possible reservoir for oil or gas? |
| Q.135) | Which of the following best describes a mineral and a rock? |
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| Q.136) | Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element? |
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| Q.137) | The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by _________. |
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| Q.138) | Which one of the following describes a mineral's response to mechanical impact? |
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| Q.139) | Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions? |
| Q.140) | What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? |
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| Q.141) | The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as __________. |
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| Q.142) | An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? |
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| Q.143) | _______ is a volcanic rock that is extremely vesicular and glassy. |
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| Q.144) | _____________ is composed mainly of ferromagnesian minerals. |
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| Q.145) | Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series? |
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| Q.146) | Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture? |
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| Q.147) | A(n) ___________ texture would be most unlikely to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. |
| Q.148) | _________ is the dominant lava erupted from volcanoes on Hawaii and Iceland. |
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