Fundamentals Of TCP And UDP

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Cisco CCNA Study Guide	By Cbrzana
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Fundamentals of TCP and UDP

Feature	Summary
Connection-oriented/connectionless	Defines whether the protocol establishes correlation between 2 endpoints before data is sent.
Error recovery	The process of noticing errors or lost segments and resending the data.
Flow control	Controlling the speed of data transfer between two endpoints.
Segmenting	Application layer protocols may need to send large chunks of data. Segmenting is repackaging the data so that it can fit inside multiple packets.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP uses more bandwidth the UDP because it features error recovery, or more specifically, additional header fields.

• Multiplexing using multiple port numbers
• Error recovery (reliability)
• Flow control using windowing
• Connection establishment/termination (ACK and FIN)
• End-to-end ordered data transfer
• Segmentation

TCP Header Fields

Multiplexing: Implies how a computer thinks when receiving data, enables the receiving computer the ability to know which app to give the data to.

- > Uses sockets --> 1. 10.1.1.1, TCP, 1030

1. IP addresses 2. Transport protocol 3. Port number

• Connection between 2 sockets should identify unique connection
• Well-known port numbers (HTTP, Telnet, etc). fpr Applications
• Unused port numbers for client machines

Port Number	Protocol	Application
20	TCP	FTP data
21	TCP	FTP control
23	TCP	Telnet
25	TCP	SMTP
53	UDP, TCP	DNS
67,68	UDP	DHCP
69	UDP	TFTP
80	TCP	HTTP
110	TCP	POP3
161	UDP	SNMP

Error Recovery (Reliability): Use sequence number in 1 direction, acknowledgment in the other.

1000 Bytes of Data, SEQ = 1000 -------> 1000 Bytes of Data, SEQ = 2000 -------> Error Occurs Here 1000 Bytes of Data, SEQ = 3000 -------> No Data, ACK = 2000 <------- 1000 Bytes of Data, SEQ = 2000 ------->

Flow Control (Windowing): Uses window field; implies the max # of bytes allowed outstanding at any instant in time.

• Starts small and grows until error occurs.
• "Sliding Window" changes size accordingly
• Web server must wait for clients ACK before sending more than allowed
• If ACK received before Window exhausted, new window begins
• Positive Acknowledgement and Retransmission (PAR) describes the error recovery and windowing

Connection Establishment and Termination: Process of initializing sequence and acknowledgement fields and agreeing to the port numbers used.

• 3-way connection establishment
• SYN, or "synchronize" the sequence numbers
• ACK flag for acknowledgment
• Sequence # and ACK # can be any number that fits in 4-byte fields.

• 4-way connection termination
• Uses FIN flag

Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Protocols

Connection-oriented: A protocol that needs an exchange of messages before data transfer begins, or has a required pre-established correlation between 2 endpoints (like Frame Relay).

Connectionless: A protocol that doesn't need an exchange of messages or pre-established correlation.

Connection Oriented?	Reliable?	Examples
Yes	Yes	LLC Type 2, TCP, SPX
Yes	No	Frame Relay, ATM, PPP
No	Yes	TFTP, NetWare NCP
No	No	UDP, Most L3 protocols

Data Segmentation and Ordered Data Transfer

Each type of data link protocol typically has a limit on maximum transmission unit (MTU) that can be sent - > the size of L3 packet that is inside Data-link frame

Segmenting = breaking data into smaller pieces

Ordered data transfer = is piecing segments on receiving end in the correct order since they may be sent out of order.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• Much less overhead,
• No reordering of data/error recovery is possible, not reliable
• Multiplexes like TCP, can open same ports as TCP (although not typical).
• Not artificially slowed by ACK/Window, memory freed more quickly

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