the tendency to think "I knew that already" after the information has been presented to you
communication
a transactional process of sharing meaning with others
sender
the initiator and encoder of messages
message
stimulus that produces meaning
channel
medium through with a message travels such as oral or written
receiver
decoder of a message
noise
interference with effective transmission and reception of a message
physical noise
external environmental distractions such as startling sounds, poorly heated rooms, or the unfortunate appearance of others
physiological noise
biological influences that distract us such as sweaty palms, pounding heart, and butterflies in the stomach
psychological noise
preconceptions, biases, and assumptions that distract us
semantic noise
word choice that is confusing or distracting and creates interference with a message
feedback
the receivers verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
Linear model of communication
a sender sends a message that produces meaning to a receiver who decodes the message
Interactive model of communication
Communication is a two way process. Receivers are actively involved in the process. Both people involved are senders and receivers of a message.
fields of experience
cultural background, ethnicity, geographic location, extent of travel, and general personal experience accumulated over the course of a lifetime
content dimension
refers to what is actually said and done
transactional model of communication
assumes that people are connected through communication. they engage in a transaction. Each person is a sender receiver due to feedback reception.
relationship dimension
refers to how a message defines or redefines the association between individuals
meaning
the conscious pattern humans create out of their interpretation of experience
communication competence
engaging in communication wtih others that is perceived to be both effective and appropriate in a given context
effectiveness
the degree to which we have progressed toward the acheivment of our goals
appropriateness
behavior that is viewed as legitimate for, or fitting to, the context
context
the environment in which communication occurs
rule
a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain contexts
communication skill
the successful performance of a communication behavior and the ability to repeat such a behavior
sensitivity
receptive accuracy whereby we can detect, decode, and comprehend signals in our social environment
mindful
thinking about our communication and continually work at changing what we do in order to become more effective
mindless
we are not cognizant of our communication with others and we put little or no effort into improving it
commitment
a passion for excellence. Accepting nothing less than the best you can be and dedicating yourself to acheiving that excellence
ethics
a set of standards for judging the moral correctness of communication behavior
communication climate
the emotional atmosphere or enveloping tone that we create by the way we communicate with others
constructive communication climate
composed of a pattern of openness and supportiveness
destructive communication climate
composed of a pattern of closedness and defensiveness
competition
a process of mutually exclusive goal attainment. For you to win, others must lose.
cooperation
a process of mutually inclusive goal attainment. For me to acheive my goal, you must also acheive your goal.
individual acheivement
the realization of personal goals without having to defeat an opponent
hypercompetitiveness
the excessive emphasis on beating others to acheive one's goals
constructive competition
occurs when competing against others produces a positive, enjoyable experience and promotes increased efforts to acheive victory without jeopardizing positive interpersonal relationships and personal well being
empathy
thinking and feeling what you perceive another to be thinking and feeling
cohesiveness
the degree of liking we have for members of a group, and the level of commitment to the group that this liking produces
attitude
a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward something
belief
what a person thinks is true or probable
value
the most deeply felt generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinking or behavior
demographics
characteristics such as age, gender, culture and ethnicity, and group affiliations
general purpose
identifies the overall goal of your speech, and tells the audience why you're giving the speech
central idea
identifies the main concept, point, issue or conclusion that you want the audience to understand, believe, or feel
specific purpose statement
a concise, precise infinitive phrase composed of simple, clear language that encompasses both the general purpose and the central idea and indicates what they speaker hopes to accomplish with the speech
search engine
an internet tool that computer generates indexes of web pages that match, or link with, keywords typed in a search window
directory
an internet tool in which humans edit indexes of web pages that match, or link with, keywords typed in a search window
metasearch engine
sends your keyword request to several search engines at once
vitual library
a search tool that combines Internet technology and standard library techniques for cataloguing and appraising information
hypothetical example
describes an imaginary situation, one that is concocted to make a point, illustrate an idea, or identify a general principle
extended example
a detailed story or illustration
argument
implicitly or explicitly presents a claim and provides support for that claim with reasoning and evidence
reasoning
the thought process of drawing conclusions from evidence
evidence
consists of statistics, testimony of experts and credible sources, and verifiable facts
fallacies
errors in evidence and reasoning
credibility
is determined by reliability and validity
reliability
consistency
validity
accuracy
non sequitur
a conclusion that does not follow from its premises
ad hominem fallacy
a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message.
ad populum fallacy
basing a claim on popular opinion
random sample
a portion of the population chosen in such a manner that every member of the entire population has an equal chance of being selected
self-selected sample
attracts the most committed, aroused, or motivated individuals to fill out surveys on their own and answer polling questions
margin of error
a measure of the degree of sampling error accounted for by imperfections in sample selection
hasty generalization
drawing a conclusion based on too few or unrepresentative samples
correlation
a consistent realtionship between two variables
variable
anything that can change
dysfunctional speech anxiety
occurs when the intensity of the fight-or-flight response prevents a person from giving a speech effectively
functional speech anxiety
occurs when the fight-or-flight response is managed and stimulates a degree of optimum presentation
communication orientation
focuses on making your message clear and interesting to your listeners
attention
the act of focusing on a specific stimulus to the exclusion of competing stimuli
intensity
concentrated stimuli. An extreme degree of emotion, thought, or activity.
style
the words you choose to express your thoughts and the ways you use language to bring your thoughts and the ways you use language to bring you thoughts to life for an audience
mixed metaphor
the use of two or more vastly different metaphors in a single expression
cliche
an expression that has been overused to the point of seeming commonplace
vocal fillers
the insertion of um, ah, like, you know, know what I mean, whatever, and other variants that substitute for pauses
impromptu speech
a speech that is delivered without preparation
extemporaneous speech
a speech that is delivered from a prepared outline or notes
signposts
organizational markers that indicate the structure of a speech and notify listeners that a particular point is about to be addressed
persuasion
a communication process of converting, modifying, or maintaining the attitudes or behavior of others
social judgment theory
when listeners hear a persuasive message they compare it with attitudes they already hold.
anchor
reference point
latitude of acceptance
positions a person finds tolerable
latitude of noncommitment
positions that provoke only a neutral or ambivalent response
latitude of rejection
those positions the person would find objectionable because they are too far from the anchor attitude
ego involvement
the degree to which an issue is relevane or important to a person
counterpersuasion
attacks from an opposing side of an argument
elaboration likelihood model
a model that explains how attempts to persuade can be processed mindfully or relatively mindlessly
parallel processing
when listeners use both central and peripheral routes when presented with persuasive messages
identification
the affiliation and connection between speaker and listeners
stylistic similarity
when we dress, look, and speak similarily to our audience
substantive similarity
creates identification by establishing common ground between the speaker and audience
credibility
judments made by a perceiver concerning the believability of a communicator
ethos
good sense, good moral character, and good will
competence
refers to the audience's perception of the speakers knowledge and experience on a topic
trustworthiness
refers to how truthful or honest we perceive the speaker to be
dynamism
the enthusiasm and energy exhibited by the speaker
composure
appearance of emotional stability, confidence, and in control of themselves
proposition
the primary, overriding claim for a persuasive speech
proposition of fact
alleges a truth
proposition of policy
calls for a significant change from how problems are currently handled
proposition of value
calls for a judgement that assesses the worth or merit of an idea, object, or practice
cognitive dissonance
an unpleasent feeling produced by inconsistent thoughts
contrast effect
says listeners are more likely to accept a bigger second request or offer when contrasted with a much bigger request or offer
