-noun of more than 1 person, place, thing, idea, concept, characteristic
-rules of....
1. most words add 's'-teachers, friends
2. word ends in 'f' and final sound remains the f sound, add 's' *roofs
3.word ends in 'f'/'fe' and final sound is a v sound, chance the 'f'/'fe' to 've' and add 's' *lives
4.word ends in 'o' w/constant b4 'o' add 'es' *echoes
5.word ends in 'o' w/voewl b4 'o' add 's' *viedos
6.word ends in 'y' preceeded by consonant change 'y' to 'i' add 'es' *drangonflies
7.word ends in ch, s, ss, x, z add 'es' *dresses
NOUNS TYPES WITHIN A SENTENCE
-nouns are used 4 ways w/in a sentence
-types of nouns are...
>subject, predicate, possesive and object
SUBJECT NOUN
(noun types w/in a sentence)
-noun does something/being talked about w/in a sentence
*The cat ran quickly aroun the chair to catch the blue yarn ball.
PREDICATE NOUN
(noun types w/in a sentence)
-noun repeats/renames the subject
*A classroom is a great place to learn new things.
POSSIVE NOUN
(noun types w/in a sentence)
-noun shows ownership
*My husbands face beamed with pride at my movies success.
OBJECT NOUN
(noun types w/in a sentence)
-noun used as the direct object/ indirect object/ or object of preposition
*You will hate the sandwich on potato bread.
VERBS
-word shows action/ state of being
*Amber chases rats. The rat fell.
LINKING VERBS
- link the subject to the word that describe it
*is, been, was
*Amber is happy. The cat treats were on sale.
HELPING VERBS
-words that aid in the formation of tense
*shall, would, could, must, can, may, have, do, did, is, are, was, been
VERB TENSE TYPES
-must be conjugated into thes different tenses depending upon the time the action is taking place
-PRESENT- shows action is happening now
*I jump over the chair.
-PAST- shows the action happened in the past/before (uses 'ed')
*I jumped over the chair.
-FUTURE- shows action will happen (uses 'will')
*i will jump over the chair.
VERBS IN SENT. SHOULD AGREE WITH ONE ANOTHER AND SHOULD COINCIDE/MATCH TIME SEQUENCE. VERBS NEED SAME TENSE WORDS.
*INCORRECT-Jay slept while his cat runs up and down the stairs.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
-action begins in past/ concludes in the present
-add 'has' 'have' to past participle
*It has taken a very long time to write this movie.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
-action begins in past and completed in past
-add 'had' to past participle
*I had hoped to be finished by January.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
-action will begin in the future/ be completed by specific time in future
-add 'will have' to past participle
*By the end of the year, we will have completed the journal.
REGULAR VERBS
-verb form that follows a distinct pattern/are predictible
-past= ed
-future= will
IRREGULAR VERBS
-verb form that has their own individual form for each tense that does not follow a pattern
VOICE OF A VERB
-tells weather the subject is doin the action or reciving the action
-ACTIVE=subject is doing the action in the sentence
*I found the treasure chest in the sand.
-PASSIVE=subject is reciving the action in the sent.
*The treasure was found in the sand.
TRANSITIVE VERB
-verb transfers its action to an object
-noun must receive the action of the verb for the verb meaning to be complete
*The girl threw the ball. (Threw transfers its action to the ball. w/out the ball the meaning of the verb threw is incomplete)
INTRANSITIVE VERB
-when the verb completes its action without an object
*His shoulder felt sore.
(sore is a predicate adjective, not a direct object)
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
-verb can be either transitive or intransitive depending upon the sentence
*He read the paper. (transitive)
*He read aloud. (intransitive)
VERBALS
-words that are made from verbs, have the power of a verb, but act like another part of speech
-3 types
participle, infinite, gerund
PARTICIPLE VERBAL
-when a verb ends in 'ing' or 'ed', and is used like an adjective
*The shaking windows broke in the aftermath of the tornado.
(shaking modifies windows)
INFINITE VERBAL
-when a verb is preceded by 'to' and it is used as an adjective, noun, or adverb
*To climb Mount Everest is one of my goals.
(To climb is used as a noun and is the subject of the sentence)
GERUND VERBAL
-when a verb ends in 'ing' and it is used as a noun
-Screaming is pointless
(the noun screaming is the subject)
ADJECTIVE
-word used to describe a noun or pronoun
*purple, loud, minuscule, gigantic, colorful, sweet
The purple shirt is pretty.
The child was loud.
A miniscule fish rides on the back of a gigantic whale in the ocean.
PROPER ADJECTIVE
-formed by a proper noun and is always capatilized.
*The San Fransisco bridge stretches a long way.
COMMON ADJECTIVE
-any adjective that is not proper and is not capitalized
*The long, elephant bridge stretches for miles across the angry sea.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE
(type of adjective)
-adjective that singles out a specific noun
-this, these, that, those
-a noun must immediately follow
*This lake is huge but that ocean is larger.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVE
(type of adjective)
-adjective that is made up of 2 or more words and is hyphenated
*The self-centered boy refused to share his snack with the starving children.
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE
(type of adjective)
-adjective that gives the reader approzimate information and does not tell exactly how much or how many
*Some rivers flow quickly.
PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
(type of adjective)
-adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject
*The Colorado river was once humongous, but now is small.
POSITIVE ADJECTIVE FORM
-adjective desctibes a noun/pronoun w/out comparing it to anyone or anything else
*Mountain biking is an exciting sport that requires skill and balance.
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE FORM
-adjective compares 2+ people, places, things, ideas, concepts, or characteristics
-adjective usually ends in 'er'
*Mountain biking is better than road biking.
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE FORM
-adjective compares 3+ people, places, things, ideas, concepts, or characteristics
-adjective usually ends in 'est'
2-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVE FORM
-adjective shows comparison by the suffizes (er/est) or modifers (more/most)
*spicy, spicer, spiciest
*boring, more boring, most boring
3+SYLLABLE ADJECTIVE FORM
-adjective is 3+syllables long
-requires more/most or less/least to express comparision
*more terrifying, most terrifying
*less terrifying, least terrifying
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE FORM
-adjective uses completely different word to express the comparision
*good, better, best
ARTICLE
-word placed before a noun
-introduces the noun as specific (the) or nonspecific (a, an)
-the=specific person place thing concept idea characteristic plural noun
*Please get the pencil from the desk.
-A or an= nonspecific person place thing concept idea characteristic plural noun
-an-used for words that begin w/a vowel
*A car can travel faster than an elephant.
PRONOUN
-word used to replace or in the place of a noun
*I, me, myself
you, yours, yourself
we, us, ours
he, she, his, her, hers
they, their, theirs
it, its
ANTECEDENT
-noun that the pronoun replaces or to which it is referring
-every prounoun has one, can be in the same sentence/previous one
-every pronoun must agree with in person, number, or gender
*The dog chased the Frisbee in the park. When she brought it to her owner she was praised.
(dog is the antecedent for she and her)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
-replace the nouns in a sentence
-3 types
-simple=I, you, we, it, he, she, they
-compound= myself, herself, himself
-phrasal= one another, each other
SINGULAR PRONOUNS
-express one person, place, thing, concept, idea, or characteristic
*I, you, he, she
PLURAL PRONOUNS
-express more than one person, place, thing, concept, idea, or characteristic
*we, you, they, us, you all
PERSON OF THE PRONOUN
-tells the reader whether the pronoun is doing the action or is speaking, experiencing the action or receiving the speaking, or is being sponken about
1st person-shows the pronoun is doin the action, or speaking, replaces the name of the noun
*I am writing
2nd person- shows the pronoun is experiencing the action or is being spoken to
*Eric, will you please go kayaking?
3rd person-used to show the pronoun is being spoken about
*Basta needs to cook dinner if she wants to eat.
PRONOUNS CAN BE USED IN MANY WAYS...
-as the SUBJECT=I, you, he, she, it, we, they
-as the OBJECT= me, you, him, her, it, us, them
-as the POSSESSION=my, mine, our, ours, his, hers, their, theirs, its, your, yours,
RELATIVE
(type of pronoun use)
-pronoun that connects a subordinate clause to the main clause and uses a connecting word
-pronouns=that, who
INTENSIVE
(type of pronoun use)
-pronoun that emphasizes the noun it refers to; most sentences are complete without the intensive pronoun
-pronouns=itself, myself, himself, herself, yourself
DEMONSTRATIVE
(type of pronoun use)
-pronoun that identifies the noun without naming it specifically
-pronouns=this, that, these, those
INTERROGATIVE
(type of pronoun use)
-pronoun that asks a question
-pronouns= who, whom, which, whose
INDEFINITE
(type of pronoun use)
-pronoun that does not specifically name the antecedent
-pronoun=somebody, anybody, anyone, someone
REFLEXIVE
(type of pronoun use)
-pronoun that places the action back upon the noun
-pronoun=itself, herself, himself
ADVERB
-describing word
-word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb
-express how, when, where, why, how much, how often
-many end in 'ly'
-3 types
positive, comparative, superiative
POSITIVE ADVERB
-describes a verb, adjective, or adverb
COMPARATIVE ADVERBS
-describing words that compares two things within the sentence
SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS
-describing words that compares 3 or more things
TIME ADVERBS
-describing word tells how often/how long
PLACE ADVERBS
-describing word tells where, to where, or from where
MANNER ADVERBS
-describing word tells how somethiing is done
-often ends in 'ly'
DEGREE ADVERBS
-describing word that tells how much or how little
PREPOSITION
-word, group of words that tells position, direction, or how two ideas are related to one another
PREPOSITIONOAL PHRASE
-contains the preposition, the object of the prepositon, and the modifiers of the object
-phase functions as the adjective or adverb
COMMON PREPOSITIONS
above, across, after, against, along, among, apart of, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, off, on, on top of, onto, opposite, out, outside, since, through, to, together with, under/underneath, until, up/upon, around, at, down, during, near, of, over, reguarding, with/within, without
CONJUCTION
-word that joins together words or groups of words
*when, but, so, does
COORDINATING CONJUCTION
-joins a word to a word, phrase to a phrase, or clause to a clause
-must be equal or the same type
*and, or, but, so, for, nor, yet
CORRELATIVE CONJUCTION
-conjuctions that are used in pairs
* Either you sit quietly or you leave the room.
SUBORDINATING CONJUCTION
-conjuction that connects two claused that ae not equal or the same type
-it connects a dependent to an indepent clause
*if, althought, as, when, because, since, though, when, whenever, after, unless, while, whereas, even though
INTERJECTION
-word/phrase used to show strong emotion or surprise
-usually have !
*Whoa! Yippee! Yea, its time for recess!
