Microbiology II (test 2) Flashcards Table View

     

---PICORNAVIRUSES--- ---PICORNAVIRUSES---
What are the 4 genres in this family that cause most human diseases? 1. Enteroviruses2. Rhinoviruses3. Hepatoviruses4. Aphthoviruses
True/False:Enteroviruses are stable at a pH of 3. True
Picornaviruses are internalized by what process? Endocytosis
Where do viruses in the family Picornaviruses replicate? In the cytoplasm
During the replication process of Picornaviruses, the polyprotein is cleaved by what polymerase? viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase
True/False:In order to replicate the Picornavirus, the polymerase must develop a positive  (+) strand template. False; negative strand template is developed
True/False:Most enteroviruses are considered cytolytic. True
What type of Picornavirus binds to ICAM-1 receptors on respiratory epithelial cells? Rhinovirus
Anatomically, where does the majority of rhinovirus replication take place? In the nose
What substances, secreted by the infected cells, cause "runny nose?" Bradykinin & Histamine
What are four viruses in the subfamily Enterovirus? 1. Polio virus2. Coxackie virus3. Echo virus4. Entero virus
What are common symptoms of Acute Rhinitis? nasal obstruction, sneezing, rhinorhhea, pharyngitis, headache and malaise
True/False:Rhinoviruses, when accompanied by secondary bacterial infection, are also associated with fever. True
What substance do virally infected cells secrete in order to limit the progression of the rhinovirus pathogenesis? Interferon
Antibodies IgG and IgA provide minimal long term results against Acute Rhinitis due to what characteristic of the virus? Type specific immunity
This type of polio is due to respiratory centers in the medulla being damaged. Bulbar polio
What tissue does Poliomyelitis initially replicate in? Lymphoid tissue of tonsils and pharynx
True/False:Polio viruses are pathogenically neurotrophic. True
Coxackie virus A is the etiological agent for what disease? Herpangia
What is the etiological agent for Hand-foot-mouth disease Coxackie virus A16
Coxackie virus B is the etiological agent for what diseases? Pleurodynia & Myocarditis
Coxackie virus B destruction of the Islets of Langerhahn's leads to what condition? Diabetes (insulin dependent)
Laboratory diagnosis of Enterovirus reveals what in the CSF? lymphocytic pleocytosis
A positive serological test for Enterovirus reveals a four-fold increase in what antibody? IgG
At what temperature does Rhinovirus best replicate at? 33oC
What is the mode of transmission for Poliovirus? p-p, indirect, fecal-oral
What is the mode of transmission for coxackie and echovirus?  p-p, aerosal droplets, and fecal-oral
What virus accounts for more than 1/2 of infections designated the "common cold?" Rhinovirus
What type of strain is used in the Salk vaccine for Polio? Inactive Polio Virus (IPV)
---PARAMYXOVIRUS--- ---PARAMYXOVIRUS---
Describe the nucleic acid of Paramyxoviruses. single-stranded, negative sense RNA
What is the function of the F-protein? promotes fusion of virus with the host cell
True/False:The P Protein within the viron of Paramyxoviruses is the RNA dependent RNA polymerase. False; the L protein is the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, the P protein promotes RNA synthesis
Matching:a) Respirovirus                     i) Measlesb) Morbillavirus                     ii) RSDc) Pneumovirus                   iii) Parainfluenzad) Rubulavirus                     iv) Mumps Respirovirus - ParainfluenzaMorbillavirus - MeaslesPneumovirus - RSDRubulavirus - Mumps
Where does replication occur for Paramyxoviruses? In the cytoplasm
What type of template is formed in the relication process of the Paramyxo virus cycle? Positive (+) sense template
What disease has symptoms known as the "three C's?" (cough, coryza and conjunctivits) Measles
Within 2 days of the fever's onset associated with measels, what appears on the mucous membrane? Kopliks
What is the most common cellular response to Measles? cell lysis
What causes the exanthem associated with Measles? T-cells attacking infected endothelial cells
What Paramyxovirus is characterized by Parotits? Mumps
The mumps virus replicates in the respiratory epithelial cells and spreads to the salivary glands via what structure? Stenson's duct
True/False:Mumps is often asymptomatic. True
What accounts for 60% of deaths from measles? Pneumonia
What are 3 disease complications associated with mumps? 1. Aseptic meningitis2. Ochitis3. Pancreatitis
What is the mode of transmission for the Morbillavirus (Measles) & Rubulavirus (Mumps)? p-p, direct, respiratory droplets
The condition known as "Croup" is a complication of Parainfluenza (mainly occurring with children).  What side effect of croup makes it so dangerous? Subglottal swelling which closes the airway
Croup ranks second to only ______ as the most severe lower respiratory tract infection in children. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
True/False:Cell-mediated immunity is responsible for cellular damage as well as recovery from Parainfluenza. True
What is the prominant symptom associated with RSD in older children and adults? Infants? Older children/adults - rhinorhhea (runny nose)Infants - bronchiolitis
What antibody is the target of tests for the diagnosis of Croup? IgM
Parainfluenza 1 & 2 are more common in what season?  Autumn; parainfluenza 3 is throughout the year
RSV infections usually occur in what season? Winter
What vaccine is used in the treatment of Measles & Mumps? Active Attinuated Measles/Mumps Virus
---ORTHOMYXOVIRUS--- ---ORTHOMYXOVIRUS---
Describe the nucleic acid type of Orthomyxoviruses. Pleomorphic, enveloped, negative (-) sense RNA w/ a segmented genome
Transcription and replication of the influenza virus occurs where? In the nucleus
Assembly of the influenza virus occurs where? In the cytoplasm
How is the influenza virus released from the cell? By budding through the cytoplasmic membrane
What is responsible for binding the Orthomyxovirus to the epithelial cell receptor in the Adsorption stage? Hemagglutin (HA)
In the replication phase of the Orthomyxovirus, the fibrous cap on mRNA is removed, preventing it from binding to what? (resulting in cessation of cellular protein synthesis) mRNA can't bind to ribosomes
What are 2 complications of influenza? 1. Bacterial pneumonia2. Reye's syndrome
Orthomyxovirus is the etiological agent for what condition? Influenza
When strains of Influeza exhibit slight changes due to mutation.  Only has slight effect on the susceptibility of the population.  This is known as what? Antigenic drift
Define Antigenic Shift. Influenza A undergoes reassortment of genes.  Results in a complete change in the antigens, and greatly affects the susceptibility of the population.
What is the mode of transmission of Orthomyxovirus? p-p, direct, respiratory droplets
True/False:The Influenza vaccine is an active form of 3 or 4 of the most recent antigenic strains affecting the world.  False; the strains used are inactive
---REOVIRUSES--- ---REOVIRUSES---
Describe the nucleic acid type of Reoviruses. non-enveloped, double stranded RNA, segmented
Which of the Reoviruses cause the most significant form of human illness, primarily in the form of acute gastroenteritis? Rotaviruses
How is the Rotavirus released from the cell? The cell lyses due to early proteins being shut down
The activation of adenylate cylase by viral products leads to what condition associated with Rotaviruses? Gastroenteritis
What is the primary source of Rotavirus? Fomites in developed countries
What are the modes of transmission for the Rotavirus? p-p, indirect, fecal-oral, food-water, fomites
True/False:Rotaviruses account for 50% of all diarrhea cases in hospitalized children. True
What is the immunization used to treat Rotaviruses? Active Attenuated Vaccine
The Colorado Tick Fever Virus is diagnosed by the four-fold increase in what antibody? IgM
The ColtiVirus may easily be mistaken for what condition? Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
---RHABDOVIRUS--- ---RHABDOVIRUS---
Describe the nucleic acid type of the Rhabdovirus. single stranded, negative sense RNA, enveloped, bullet shaped
What is the etiological agent of rabies? Lyssavirus
Rhabdovirus replication occurs where? In the cytoplasm
True/False:The Rhabdovirus is primarily neurotrophic, but also replicates in muscle cells. True
How is the Rhabdovirus released from the host cell? It buds through the cell membrane and acquires its envelope 
True/False:The ultimate fate of cells infected with the rabies virus is cell death. False; rabies virus causes little cell damage (unlike other Rhabdoviruses)
The Rhabdovirus reaches the CNS via what type of transport? Retrograde axoplasmic transport
True/False:The Lyssavirus has a very short incubation period within the host cells. False; very long incubation period
True/False:Rabies, caused by the Lyssavirus, is considered an encephalitis. True
What is the hallmark of rabies virus? Intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Negri bodies
What is the antigen test for the diagnosis of rabies? Immunofluorescence
What is the most common carrier of Lyssavirus in the MIdwest? skunk
Urban rabies is to 'dogs' as Sylvatic rabies is to.... wild animals
Where is the inactive rabies virus grown that is used for immunization? Human diploid cells (human tissue)
---TOGAVIRUSES--- ---TOGAVIRUSES---
Describe the nucleic acid type of TogaViruses. enveloped, single stranded, positive sense RNA
True/False:Alphaviruses are Arthropod Borne Viruses True
How are Alpha and Rubuviruses released from the host cell? They both bud through the cell membrane which is also how they acquire their envelope
True/False:Alphavirus symptoms are similar to that of influenza True
What is the etiological agent of German Measles? Rubivirus
What is the reservoir for western equine encephalitis? Infected wild birds
Equine Encephalitis is a complication of what virus? Which leads us to believe its mode of transmission is what? Alphavirus; Arthropod Borne
What is the scientific name for the organism that transmits yellow fever? Aedes aegypticus
A common childhood virus which is extremely virulent in the developing fetus is... German Measles (from Rubivirus)
What is the most common encephalitis in the Midwest? Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
Which encephalitis has the highest mortality rate? Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
---FLAVIVIRUSES--- ---FLAVIVIRUSES---
True/False:All Flaviviruses are Arthropod Borne Viruses True
What 2 Togaviruses cause Hemorrhagic fever? Dengue Fever & Yellow Fever
What is the mode of transmission of West Nile Encephalitis? animal-person, direct, arthropod borne, mosquitoes
What is the primary reservoir for St. Louis Encephalitis? Wild birds
Based on its affinity, the St. Louis encephalitis virus is.... Neurotrophic
The majority of deaths associated with Yellow Fever occur due to what complication.... renal failure (20%)