Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
hindsight bias
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the tendency to think "I knew that already" after the information has been presented to you
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communication
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a transactional process of sharing meaning with others
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sender
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the initiator and encoder of messages
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message
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stimulus that produces meaning
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channel
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medium through with a message travels such as oral or written
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receiver
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decoder of a message
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noise
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interference with effective transmission and reception of a message
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physical noise
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external environmental distractions such as startling sounds, poorly heated rooms, or the unfortunate...
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physiological noise
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biological influences that distract us such as sweaty palms, pounding heart, and butterflies...
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psychological noise
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preconceptions, biases, and assumptions that distract us
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semantic noise
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word choice that is confusing or distracting and creates interference with a message
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feedback
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the receivers verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
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Linear model of communication
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a sender sends a message that produces meaning to a receiver who decodes the message
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Interactive model of communication
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Communication is a two way process. Receivers are actively involved in the process. ...
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| 15 |
fields of experience
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cultural background, ethnicity, geographic location, extent of travel, and general personal...
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content dimension
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refers to what is actually said and done
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transactional model of communication
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assumes that people are connected through communication. they engage in a transaction. ...
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relationship dimension
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refers to how a message defines or redefines the association between individuals
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| 19 |
meaning
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the conscious pattern humans create out of their interpretation of experience
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communication competence
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engaging in communication wtih others that is perceived to be both effective and appropriate...
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| 21 |
effectiveness
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the degree to which we have progressed toward the acheivment of our goals
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| 22 |
appropriateness
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behavior that is viewed as legitimate for, or fitting to, the context
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| 23 |
context
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the environment in which communication occurs
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rule
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a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited...
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communication skill
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the successful performance of a communication behavior and the ability to repeat such a behavior
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| 26 |
sensitivity
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receptive accuracy whereby we can detect, decode, and comprehend signals in our social environment
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mindful
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thinking about our communication and continually work at changing what we do in order to become...
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mindless
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we are not cognizant of our communication with others and we put little or no effort into improving...
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commitment
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a passion for excellence. Accepting nothing less than the best you can be and dedicating...
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| 30 |
ethics
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a set of standards for judging the moral correctness of communication behavior
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| 31 |
communication climate
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the emotional atmosphere or enveloping tone that we create by the way we communicate with others
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constructive communication climate
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composed of a pattern of openness and supportiveness
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destructive communication climate
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composed of a pattern of closedness and defensiveness
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| 34 |
competition
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a process of mutually exclusive goal attainment. For you to win, others must lose.
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cooperation
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a process of mutually inclusive goal attainment. For me to acheive my goal, you must...
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individual acheivement
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the realization of personal goals without having to defeat an opponent
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hypercompetitiveness
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the excessive emphasis on beating others to acheive one's goals
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constructive competition
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occurs when competing against others produces a positive, enjoyable experience and promotes...
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empathy
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thinking and feeling what you perceive another to be thinking and feeling
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cohesiveness
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the degree of liking we have for members of a group, and the level of commitment to the group...
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attitude
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a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward something
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belief
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what a person thinks is true or probable
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value
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the most deeply felt generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinking...
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demographics
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characteristics such as age, gender, culture and ethnicity, and group affiliations
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general purpose
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identifies the overall goal of your speech, and tells the audience why you're giving the speech
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central idea
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identifies the main concept, point, issue or conclusion that you want the audience to understand,...
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specific purpose statement
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a concise, precise infinitive phrase composed of simple, clear language that encompasses both...
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search engine
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an internet tool that computer generates indexes of web pages that match, or link with, keywords...
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directory
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an internet tool in which humans edit indexes of web pages that match, or link with, keywords...
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metasearch engine
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sends your keyword request to several search engines at once
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vitual library
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a search tool that combines Internet technology and standard library techniques for cataloguing...
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hypothetical example
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describes an imaginary situation, one that is concocted to make a point, illustrate an idea,...
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extended example
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a detailed story or illustration
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argument
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implicitly or explicitly presents a claim and provides support for that claim with reasoning...
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reasoning
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the thought process of drawing conclusions from evidence
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evidence
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consists of statistics, testimony of experts and credible sources, and verifiable facts
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fallacies
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errors in evidence and reasoning
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credibility
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is determined by reliability and validity
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reliability
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consistency
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validity
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accuracy
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| 61 |
non sequitur
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a conclusion that does not follow from its premises
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ad hominem fallacy
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a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message.
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ad populum fallacy
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basing a claim on popular opinion
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random sample
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a portion of the population chosen in such a manner that every member of the entire population...
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self-selected sample
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attracts the most committed, aroused, or motivated individuals to fill out surveys on their...
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margin of error
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a measure of the degree of sampling error accounted for by imperfections in sample selection...
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hasty generalization
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drawing a conclusion based on too few or unrepresentative samples
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correlation
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a consistent realtionship between two variables
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variable
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anything that can change
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dysfunctional speech anxiety
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occurs when the intensity of the fight-or-flight response prevents a person from giving a speech...
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functional speech anxiety
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occurs when the fight-or-flight response is managed and stimulates a degree of optimum presentation
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communication orientation
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focuses on making your message clear and interesting to your listeners
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attention
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the act of focusing on a specific stimulus to the exclusion of competing stimuli
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intensity
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concentrated stimuli. An extreme degree of emotion, thought, or activity.
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style
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the words you choose to express your thoughts and the ways you use language to bring your thoughts...
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mixed metaphor
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the use of two or more vastly different metaphors in a single expression
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cliche
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an expression that has been overused to the point of seeming commonplace
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vocal fillers
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the insertion of um, ah, like, you know, know what I mean, whatever, and other variants that...
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impromptu speech
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a speech that is delivered without preparation
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extemporaneous speech
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a speech that is delivered from a prepared outline or notes
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| 81 |
signposts
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organizational markers that indicate the structure of a speech and notify listeners that a...
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| 82 |
persuasion
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a communication process of converting, modifying, or maintaining the attitudes or behavior...
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| 83 |
social judgment theory
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when listeners hear a persuasive message they compare it with attitudes they already hold.
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| 84 |
anchor
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reference point
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| 85 |
latitude of acceptance
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positions a person finds tolerable
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| 86 |
latitude of noncommitment
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positions that provoke only a neutral or ambivalent response
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| 87 |
latitude of rejection
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those positions the person would find objectionable because they are too far from the anchor...
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| 88 |
ego involvement
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the degree to which an issue is relevane or important to a person
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| 89 |
counterpersuasion
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attacks from an opposing side of an argument
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| 90 |
elaboration likelihood model
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a model that explains how attempts to persuade can be processed mindfully or relatively mindlessly
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| 91 |
parallel processing
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when listeners use both central and peripheral routes when presented with persuasive messages
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| 92 |
identification
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the affiliation and connection between speaker and listeners
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| 93 |
stylistic similarity
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when we dress, look, and speak similarily to our audience
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substantive similarity
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creates identification by establishing common ground between the speaker and audience
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credibility
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judments made by a perceiver concerning the believability of a communicator
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| 96 |
ethos
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good sense, good moral character, and good will
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| 97 |
competence
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refers to the audience's perception of the speakers knowledge and experience on a topic
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| 98 |
trustworthiness
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refers to how truthful or honest we perceive the speaker to be
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| 99 |
dynamism
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the enthusiasm and energy exhibited by the speaker
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| 100 |
composure
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appearance of emotional stability, confidence, and in control of themselves
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| 101 |
proposition
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the primary, overriding claim for a persuasive speech
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| 102 |
proposition of fact
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alleges a truth
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proposition of policy
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calls for a significant change from how problems are currently handled
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proposition of value
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calls for a judgement that assesses the worth or merit of an idea, object, or practice
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cognitive dissonance
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an unpleasent feeling produced by inconsistent thoughts
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| 106 |
contrast effect
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says listeners are more likely to accept a bigger second request or offer when contrasted with...
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| 107 |
pathos
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emotional appeals
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| 108 |
refutation
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answering opposing arguments
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