Flashcard Set Preview
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substance
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element or compound that cannot be
broken down into simpler components and
maintain the...
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element
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substance with atoms that are all alike
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compound
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substance formed from 2 or more elements in which the exact combination and proportion of elements...
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heterogeneous mixture
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mixture, such as mixed nuts or a dry soap mix, in which different materials are unevenly distributed...
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homogeneous mixture
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solid, liquid, or gas that contains 2 or more substances blended evenly throughout
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solution
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homogeneous mixture that remains constantly and uniformly mixed and has particles that are...
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colloid
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heterogeneous mixture whose particles never settle
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Tyndall effect
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scattering of a light beam as it passes through a colloid
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suspension
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heterorgeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle
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physical property
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any characteristic of a material, such as size or shape, that you can observe or attempt to...
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physical change
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any change in size, shape, or state of matter in which the identity of the substance remains...
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distillation
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process that can separate 2 substances in a mixture by evaporating a liquid and recondesing...
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chemical property
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any characteristic of a substance, such as flammability, that indicates whether it can undergo...
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chemical change
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change of one substance into a new substance
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law of conservation of mass
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states that the mass of all substances present before a chemical change equals the mass of...
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kinetic theory
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explanation of the behavior of molecules in matter; states that all matter is made of constantly...
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melting point
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temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy
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heat of fusion
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amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase
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boiling point
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the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pressure...
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heat of vaporization
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the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas
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diffusion
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spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed
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plasma
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matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles
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thermal expansion
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increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased
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buoyancy
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ability of a fluid -- a liquid or a gas --- to exert an upward force on an object immersed...
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pressure
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amount of force exerted per unit area; SI unit is the pascal (Pa)
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viscosity
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a fluid's resistance to flow
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pascal
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SI unit of pressure
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atom
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the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element
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nucleus
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positively charged center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by...
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proton
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particle, composed of quarks, inside the nucleus of an atom that has a charge of 1+
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neutron
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neutral particle, composed of quarks, inside the nucleus of an atom
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electron
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particles surrounding the center of an atom that have a charge of 1-
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quark
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particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons
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electron cloud
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area around the nucleus of an atom where the atom's electrons are most likely to be found
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atomic number
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number of protons in an atom's nucleus
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mass number
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sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
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isotope
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atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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average atomic mass
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weighted-average mass of the mixture of an element's isotopes
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periodic table
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organized list of all known elements that are arranged by increasing atomic number and by changes...
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group
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vertical column in the periodic table
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electron dot diagram
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uses the symbol for an element and dots representing the number of electrons in the element's...
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period
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horizontal row in the periodic table. the amount of time it takes one wavelength to pass a...
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strong force
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attractive force that acts between protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus
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radioactivity
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process that ocurs when a nucleus decays and emits alpha, beta, or gamma radiation
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alpha particle
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particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons that is emitted from a decaying atomic...
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transmutation
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process of changing one element to another through radioactive decay
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beta particle
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electron that is emitted from a decaying atomic nucleus
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gamma ray
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electromagnetic wave with no mass and no charge that travels at the speed of light and is usually...
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half-life
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amount of time it takes for half the nuclei in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay
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cloud chamber
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radiation detector that uses water or ethanol vapor to detect the paths of charged particles
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bubble chamber
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radiation detector, consisting of a container of superheated liquid under high pressure, that...
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Geiger counter
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radiation detector that produces a click or a flash of light when a charged particle is detected
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nuclear fission
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process of splitting an atomic nucleus into 2 or more nuclei with smaller masses
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chain reaction
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ongoing series of fission reactions
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critical mass
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amount of fissionable material required so that each fission reactino produces approximately...
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nuclear fusion
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reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei form a nucleus with a larger mass
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tracer
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radioactive isotope, such as iodine-131, that can be detected by the radiation it emits after...
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metal
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element that typically is a hard, shiny solid, is malleable, and is a good conductor of heat...
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malleable
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ability of metals and alloys to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets
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ductile
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ability of metals to be drawn into wires
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metallic bonding
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occurs because electrons move freely among a metal's positively charged ions and explains properties...
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radioactive element
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element, such as radium, whose nucleus breaks down and emits particles and energy
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transition element
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elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table; occur in nature as uncombined elements...
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nonmetal
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element that usually is a gas or brittle solid at room temperature, is not malleable or ductile,...
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diatomic molecule
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a molecule that consists of 2 atoms of the same element
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salt
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compound formed when negative ions from an acid combine with positive ion from a base
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sublimation
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the process of a solid changing directly to a vapor without forming a liquid
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metalloid
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element that shares some properties with metals and some with nometals
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allotrope
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different forms of the same element having different molecular structures
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semiconductor
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materials having conductivity properties between that of metals (good conductors) and nonmetals...
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transuranium element
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elements having more than 92 protons, all of which are synthetic and unstable
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chemical formula
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chemical shorthand that uses symbols to tell what elements are in a compound and their ratios
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chemical bond
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force that holds atoms together in a compound
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ion
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charged particle that has either more of fewer electrons than protons
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ionic bond
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attraction formed between oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound
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covalent bond
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attraction formed between atoms when they share electrons
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molecule
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a neutral particle that forms as a result of electron sharing
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polar molecule
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molecule with a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end as a result of electrons...
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nonpolar molecule
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molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends
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binary compound
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compound that is composed of 2 elements
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oxidation number
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positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or...
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polyatomic ion
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positively or negatively charged, covalently bonded group of atoms
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hydrate
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compound that has water chemically attached to its ions and written into its chemical formula
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