Research Quiz 3

Encompasses the entire research process including sampling, data collection, and analysis
- provides a plan for answering the research questions or hypotheses

Describe phenomena- quantitative or qualitative
Explain relationships among variables- correlational
Predict relationships among variables- experimental
Examine causality

-the relationships between cause and effect
-requires manipulation of IV in an experimental design
-cause precedes effect (assumption)

Those that confound or confuse the effect of the IV on the DV
- control for extraneous variables through randomization, etc.

All people in the population of interest have the same probability of being selected to be in the study

All subjects in the sample have an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment or the control group
- after someone decides to be in the study

The degree to which one can conclude that it was the IV, not extraneous variables, that produced the change in the DV

- selection bias- due to diff. in characteristics of subjects
- history- occurred during the course of study to effect DV
- maturation- sub. may change/mature over time
- testing- pretest influences responses to posttest
- Instrumentation- changes in measuring variables
- mortality- loss of subjects before completed
- statistical conclusion validity- confidence of results

The degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to other subjects, settings, and times.

-Construct Validity
-Reactivity
-Effects of Selection
-Interaction between treatment and subjects
-Interaction between treatment and setting
-Interaction between treatment and history

Allows researchers to determine if instruments are actually measuring the theoretical concepts that are intended to be measured.
- was the study/instruments used constructed well enough to provide a strong framework/data

Subjects behave differently by virtue of participating in the study (Hawthorne Effect)

1) Single Blind- subjects don't know treatment
2) Double Blind- subjects and testers don't know which treatment is which

-ex post facto (after the fact)
- start with the DV and look back in time to determine possible causative factors.
- no ability to directly manipulate the IV and the subjects cannot be randomly assigned (nonexperimental)
- can NEVER be experimental

-Nonexperimental designs
-provides a snapshot by looking at one point in time for each subject
-difficult to establish cause and effect