Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
What are the requirements for an experiment to be internally valid?
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All variables/conditions are held constant except for the manipulation
of the independent...
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What are the implications when an experiment is internally valid?
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The researcher is likely to be able to claim that the independent variable caused the observed...
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When does an experiment involve a confounding?
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When the independent variable of interest and a potential independent variable are allowed...
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What does it mean to hold conditions constant in an experiment? What is the purpose of...
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That all materials, instructions, and experiences within the experiment are identical across...
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How and why do researchers balance participants’ individual differences across conditions...
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Through random assignment, which works by generating groups of participants that are equivalent...
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What is the logic behind establishing the independent variable as the cause of a change in...
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Beginning with comparable groups, treating them differently and ending with non-comparable...
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What are intact groups, and why do they pose the potential problem of confounding?
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Groups that exist prior to the experiment, without the researcher randomly assigning participants...
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| 8 |
What is subject loss and why does it threaten the internal validity of the experiment?
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When participants do not complete the experiment – mechanical or selective. Mechanical is...
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| 9 |
Which type of subject loss poses the most serious threat to internal validity?
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The loss is selective in that some characteristic of the participant that is related to the...
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What are two procedures typically used to control for demand characteristics and experimenter...
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Placebo control groups and double-blind procedures.
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| 11 |
What is effect size?
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A measure of the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables...
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| 12 |
What is a meta-analysis?
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The statistical tool that is used to analyze the results of several independent experiments.
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What is the null hypothesis? How does null hypothesis testing work and what is the purpose?
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That there is no relationship between the IV and DV.To determine whether the IV has a reliable...
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| 14 |
What does it mean to say that the outcome of an experiment is statistically significant?
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That the outcome has a small likelihood of occurring if the null hypothesis is true (i.e.,...
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| 15 |
What are Type I and Type II error?
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Type I error = false positive; α or p. A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is really...
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| 16 |
What is a matched groups design? What is the preferred pretest (matching) task for a...
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When only a small sample is available, the researcher can match the participants on some variable...
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| 17 |
What is a natural groups design?
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To differentiate experiments involving individual differences (subject) variables and those...
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| 18 |
What is the most critical problem in drawing causal inferences based on a natural groups design?
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Eliminating plausible alternative causes for the obtained relationship.
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| 19 |
What are the reasons researchers choose to use repeated measures designs?
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Require fewer subjects More convenient and efficient Needed when the experimental procedures...
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What is counterbalancing and what is its purpose?
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Averaging practice effects across conditions of a repeated measures design.
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| 21 |
The need to balance practice effects in the repeated measures design is analogous to what in...
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The need to balance individual differences.
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| 22 |
What does the complete repeated measures design entail?
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When each participant completes each condition of the experiment multiple times, so practice...
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What is the additional step needed when analyzing the results in a complete repeated design?
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To average each participant’s scores for each condition.
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| 24 |
What does the incomplete repeated measures design entail?
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Each participant completes each condition of the experiment only once, but practice effects...
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| 25 |
What is block randomization in the context of balancing practice effects across experimental...
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Generate a new random order for each time the participant completes the conditions of the experiment...
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| 26 |
What is the ABBA counterbalancing technique? When should it be used versus not be used?
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Present one random sequence of conditions (e.g., DABC), then present the opposite of the sequence...
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| 27 |
What are anticipation effects?
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When participants develop expectations about which condition will appear next in a sequence.
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| 28 |
What is the general rule that applies to each of the three techniques that are used to balance...
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Each condition (e.g., A, B, C) must appear in each ordinal position (1st, 2nd, 3rd) equally...
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| 29 |
What is the Latin Square technique for selecting orders in the incomplete repeated measures...
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Each condition precedes and follows each other condition exactly once with the Latin Square...
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| 30 |
Why are repeated measures designs more sensitive at detecting the effects of independent variables...
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Because the systematic variation caused by individual differences is eliminated from the statistical...
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| 31 |
What is differential transfer?
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When the effects of the manipulation for a condition persist or carryover into the subsequent...
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| 32 |
What information does the estimated standard error of the mean provide?
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Information about how well the sample mean estimates the population mean.
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| 33 |
How is a confidence interval similar to a margin of error?
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They are essentially the same thing.
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| 34 |
How is a 95% confidence interval for a population mean calculated?
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Sample mean ± (t critical) (estimated standard error)
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| 35 |
Having calculated a 95% confidence interval for a single population mean, what can we claim?...
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That the odds are 95/100 that the obtained interval contains the population mean. ...
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| 36 |
What do we do differently to construct a confidence interval for a comparison between two independent...
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We substitute the difference between two sample means for a single sample mean. ...
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| 37 |
When interpreting confidence intervals, what does it mean when the intervals overlap?
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We cannot be certain about the true population mean difference.
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| 38 |
What about when the intervals do not overlap?
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We have evidence that the population means differ.
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| 39 |
What is the null hypothesis? (Hint: What assumption does the null hypothesis make?)
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That the independent variable did not have an effect.
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| 40 |
Null hypothesis significance testing uses the laws of probability to estimate the likelihood...
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The likelihood of an outcome assuming that only chance factors caused the outcome.
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| 41 |
What does it mean to say that a result or effect is statistically significant? What does...
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Statistically significant: The IV had an effect on the DV, and there is less than a 5%...
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| 42 |
How are Type I error, p-value, and level of significance related?
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Know how to apply these concepts to an example. The stated p-value is the level of significance,...
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| 43 |
What factors are related to the power of a statistical test comparing two means?
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Sample size Level of significance Effect size
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| 44 |
What is the primary factor that researchers use to control the power of a statistical test?
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Sample size
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| 45 |
When is the t-test for independent groups the appropriate inferential test?
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When comparing two independent means.
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| 46 |
When is the repeated measures t-test the appropriate inferential test?
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When each subject participates in both conditions of an experiment.
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| 47 |
Why might “statistically significant” results not be of interest to the scientific community?
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The study's methodology was poor. The results have little external validity. The treatment...
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| 48 |
The probability we use to define a statistically significant outcome is called the/is the same...
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p-value, alpha, type I error, level of significance
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| 49 |
What is the most common error associated with null hypothesis testing in psychological research?...
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Type II error (NOT Type I error, which we keep below .05/5%. We are willing to...
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| 50 |
How should and shouldn’t you report a "statistically significant" finding? ...
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Should: As supporting the researcher's hypothesis.Shouldn’t: As proving the researcher's...
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| 51 |
What are confidence intervals? How are they used to determine whether the population...
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A range in which we are (usually 95%) confident the true population mean lies.We can be confident...
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| 52 |
What does it mean to say that an experiment’s findings are reliable?
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When the results of an experiment are likely to be replicated if the procedures are repeated,...
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| 53 |
What is involved in a partial replication of an experiment? What is the purpose of a...
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Replicating the study with minor changes to the sample, materials, procedure. Purpose is to...
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