Flashcard Set Preview
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What are the 3 key points about assessment of reading development?
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1. Assessment is ongoing2. Assessment is a process that uses multiple sources.3. Assessment...
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Reliability
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*The test is reliable if the results of the test yield consistent scores across administration. *For...
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Validity
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A test is valid if it measures what it claims to measure.
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What are the 5 principles teachers should follow when they plan, organize, and manage reading...
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S-ABCDS- StandardsA- AssessmentsB- BalanceC- ComprehensionD-Differentiate
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Area: Phonemic Awareness
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*The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds. *For Example, when a...
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Phonics
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Is knowledge of letters/sound correspondences, knowing, for example, that in the phonics the...
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Direct, Explicit Systematic Teaching
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1. The teacher knows the skills and strategies students should master as outlined by the content...
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Indirect-Implicit Systematic Teaching
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Refers to the use of books with rhymes and wordplay, chants, songs and games.
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Sound Matching
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This is an ability to identify or provide words that have the same sound in the beginning,...
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Sound Isolation
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The ability to identify which sound occurs in the beginning, middle, or end of a word. Example:...
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Sound Blending
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The students must be able to manipulate individual sounds by combining them to form a word. Example:...
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Sound Substitution
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Students should be able to substitute a sound every time a target sound appear.
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Sound Deletion
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The teacher say a word then removes a sound and asks the student what the new word is "flag,...
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Sound Segmentation
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The teacher says a word and the student must identify each separate sound in the word independently. Example:...
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How to assess phonemic awareness
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1) Yopp-Singer Test of Phonemic Awareness: The teacher says 22 words and the student must provide...
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How to teach phonemic awareness
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Implicit (indirect) teaching- Books with wordplay (rhymes, chants, songs)Rhyming games. Explicit...
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Semantic error
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These are meaning-releated errors.Example: reading dad for father
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Graphophonemic Errors
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Comes from the Greek words for symbol and sound. These are errors related to the sound-symbol...
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Formal Assessments
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Its a form of test of some sort.
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Informal Assessment
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Collecting written work students complete, writing notes about students on a computer, or tape...
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Syntactic Errors
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Syntax is the way words are placed in sentences. Example: reading into for through
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Area: Concept About Print
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Refers to an understanding of how letters, words, and sentences are represented in written...
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The four concepts about print
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1) Understand that print carries meaning2) Students have acquired the concept of directionality-...
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How to teach concept about print:Indirect (implicit)
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-reading aloud, helps students recognize the cover of books.-Share book experience-to discover...
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How to Assess Concept about print
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Clay's Concept About Print- They use the book "Sand or Stones". In this book, pages have print...
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Area: Systematic Explicit PhonicsWord Identification
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The ability to say or decode a word correctly.
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Morphology
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The study of word formation. Children use morphological clues to identify words when they rely...
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How to teach phonics: Explicit (direct)*Whole-to-part
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*Whole-to-part lessons: It starts with a sentence and then it works back to the sound/symbol...
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Part-to-whole phonetic lesson
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*it begins with the sound and then builds words. 1. Teacher writes symbol on the sound...
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Implicit (Indirect) Teaching Phonics
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*Shared book experience-Students can see the words their teacher is reading aloud. *Language...
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How to assess phonics:Decode in isolation
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Child is presented a list of words and asked to read them. example: what sound does the...
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Decode in context
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The teacher keeps a record of the child's miscues, looking for words that are misidentified. IRI...
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Encode in isolation
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The traditional spelling test. Teacher reads words aloud and the child writes them
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Encode in context.
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Child writes a few sentences or paragraphs and the teacher analyzes their writing to see which...
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Area: Spelling InstructionOrthographic patterns
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The frequently occurring letter combinations of English spelling (the rime-ight, the suffix...
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How to teach spelling
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1. Graphs of words that have commonly occurring orthographic patterns, games, blends, digraphs,...
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Etymology
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Is the study of the origin and development of words. Example: nutrition, nutrient, and...
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Stages of spelling:Pre-Phonetic (also called pre-communicative & semi-phonetic)
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Children at this level do not write at least one letter for each sound.*Lessons should focus...
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Phonetic Stage
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Phonetic spellers know that letters represent sounds and at least one letter represents each...
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Transitional
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At this level, the child knows most of the orthographic patterns of English.*Lessons should...
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Conventional
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The child has mastered English orthography and spells almost all words correctly. *Spellers...
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Methods of assessing spelling developing
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Isolation-spelling test, teacher reads aloud and children write them, it asks them to encode...
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Area: Reading Comprehension-Comprehension Skills
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A skill is something a proficient reader can do automatically.
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The three Content Specifications list of Comprehension skills are?
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1) LIteral Comprehension-Identify the main idea when it is explicitly stated, important details,...
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What is comprehension strategies
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Are tools that proficient readers consciously choose to better understand what they are reading
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What are the six comprehension strategies
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1) Self-monitoring- Evaluating their reading when they don't understand the text.2)Rereading-Repair,...
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To teach reading comprehension, teachers should do three things...
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1) Facilitate Comprehension that will help students better comprehend a specific selection2)...
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What are two ways to activate background knowledge before students read?
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Direct instruction:1) KWL charts- Know, what you would like to know, what you learned2)Pre-Reading...
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Guided Reading
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This is planned for small groups and students who are in the same reading level. It is most...
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Strategies and skills Instruction: Reciprocal Teaching
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It is self-monitoring, repair strategies (like clarifying and rereading) example: A paragraph...
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Skills Instruction: Question Answer Relationships (QAR's)
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*Children having difficulty in reading typically have poorly developed inferential and evaluative...
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What are the four types of QAR's
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1) Right there- its in the text, in a single identifiable sentence.2) Think and Search- The...
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Story mapping & Story grammars
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Story mapping- Represents stories in a visual diagram by highlighting certain elements. Story...
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Reading Fluency
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Refers to how fast and with how much expression a person uses when reading aloud. Fluent readers...
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Prosody
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The study of rhythm, intonation stress, and related attributes in speech. It refers to...
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Instructional Activities for Reading Fluency
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Repeated readings- It increases their sight vocabularies and improved their decoding skills. Assisted...
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How to assess reading comprehension skills:
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*First, it is important to know the independent, instructional, and frustration reading level....
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Asses students that can't write yet, in reading comprehension
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-Retelling-unaided retelling-ask students to retell stories, teacher provides no guidelines.-Aided...
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Area: Literary Response & Analysis
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Fouces on the literary elements: character, setting, plot, theme, mood, style.
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How to teach literary responses and analysis
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-Select literature from a wide range of eras. perspectives, & culture. Have them be exposed...
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What are the six literary elements.
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Character- protagonist (good) antagonist (bad) Plot-sequence of eventsSetting- Time and...
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What are the five figurative language
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Figurative language is the use of words in a non-literal way. Hyperbole-an exaggerated...
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What are the eight types of genres
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Traditional literature- Little Red Ridding HoodModern Fantasy- animal fantasyHigh Fantasy-has...
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How to asses Literary responses and analysis.
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-students read & teacher read aloud-oral & written responses- teacher then evaluates...
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Area: Content-Area literary
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The ability to learn through reading, this includes reading through social studies, science...
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Expository text include
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-cause and effect--Problem and solution-Compare and contrast
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How to teach Content- Area literacy before they start reading
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1) activate background knowledge (KWL & PreP)2) Build vocabularies by teaching definitions3)...
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Strategies to teach Content-Area Reading
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-Teacher read aloud-Students read aloud-Re-reading-Highlighting important information-Key questions-ReQuest-...
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How to assess content-area reading
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CLOZE- Teachers selects a paragraph with 275 words. Models the procedure to students. Paragraph...
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How to teach Oral Language Development and Reading
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-Language play-to develop phonics, & phonemic awareness- includes chants, rhymes, poems,...
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Instruction to support the reading development of ELL (English Language Learners)
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-Scaffolding- assist the students in learning. -Preview-review or preview of the lesson...
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How to teach vocabulary & Meaning of words
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-Read more/ for new vocabulary meaning of words-Cluing technique-Creates four sentences -Contextual...
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Informal Reading Inventory (IRI)
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-individually administered survey to determine students reading instructional.
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What is a phoneme
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Smallest sound of a unit of speech that distinguishes 1 word from another/b/ /a/ /d/ = bad
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Morpheme
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meaning-bearing units in word, usually roots, prefixes and suffixes.
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The alphabetic principle
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Distinctive speech sounds of a language, called phonemes, are represented by symbols called...
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Syllable
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unit of pronounciation consisting of a vowel alone or a vowel w/1 or more consonants.
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Homographs
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words w/same spelling but different pronounciations and meaning as in: "She did not see a tear...
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Homophones
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Words w/different spelling and meanings that are pronounced the same as in: "It was too late...
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Structural analysis
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Identifying word parts such as compound words, affixes, roots, and syllables
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(5) Short Vowels Sonds
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/a/ in apple/e/ in elephant/i/ in igloo/o/ in octopus/u/ in umbrella
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(18) Consonants soundsnote: Y can be a consonant (yes) or a vowel (my & baby)
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Letter that has not a vowel/b/ bat /k/ cat...
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Digraphs(hint: ph= 1 sound /f/)
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2 consonants letter w/1 single soundsh,ch,wh,th,ph
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vowel digraphs
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2 vowel letters that make1 sound coat, yield, tie, soul
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(6) Long vowel sounds
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long /a/ cakelong /e/ feetlong /i/ pielong /o/ boatlong /u/ mule
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(3) r-controlled vowel sounds
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vowels in which vowel sounds is affected by the r as in: car, her, girl, tore, urgent
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Diphtong
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1 single vowel sound made up of a blend of 2 vowel sounds in immediate sequence & pronounced...
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Onset
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Consonant sound(s) of a syllable that comes before the vowel sound:
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Rime
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Its also referred as: phonogram:ball, call, tall, rime is /all/: the rime is the vowel and...
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