Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
the behavior patterns, beliefs, and other products of a person that are transmitted generation...
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culture
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a particular culture is compared to one or more other cultures. should work to avoid ethnocentrisim
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cross-cultural studies
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tendency to favor one's own culture group over others
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ethnocentrism
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some cultures have ceremonies or rituals that mark developmental transitions
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rites of passage
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___born adolescents are more achievement oriented than adolescents from most other cultures,...
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US; East Asian
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___parents are more likely to emphasize independence. whereas parents in other cultures may...
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American; obedience
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a function of heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language
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ethnicity
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the US is home to tremendous ___ ____ ___
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ethnic variation achievement
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among US born, ____ adolescents are more achievement oriented than anglo-american adolescents,...
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asian-americans
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among US born who is more competitive and less cooperative than mexican-american adolescents
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anglo-american adolescents
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tendency to boil groups down to 6-7 categories, and assume similarity within those broad groups,...
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cultural variations in the US
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the behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that...
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culture
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a grouping of people with similar ocupational, educational, and economic characteristics
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socioeconomic status (SES)
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a dimension of culture based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion,...
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ethnicity
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a tendency to favor one's own group over others groups
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ethnocentrism
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studies that compare a culture with one or more other cultures. such studies provide information...
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cross cultural studies
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occurs when individuals relinquish their cultural identity and more into a larger society
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assimilation
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cultural change that results from continuous, firsthand contact between two distinctive cultural...
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acculturation
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this model assums that it is possible for an individual to know and understand two different...
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alternation model
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the model promotes a pluralistic approach to understanding two or more cultures. it argues...
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multicultural model
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| 21 |
ceremonies or rituals that mark an individual's transition from one status to another, such...
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rites of passage
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| 22 |
the fact that far more women than men live in poverty. women's low income, divorce, and the...
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feminization of poverty
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| 23 |
an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of the individual's membership...
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prejudice
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| 24 |
the core of computer-mediated communications. is worldwide and connects thousands of computer...
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internet
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| 25 |
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of rights and wrongs
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moral development
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| 26 |
the developmental change from behavior that is externally controlled to behavior that is controlled...
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internalization
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| 27 |
the lowest level in knolberg's theory of moral development. the individual shows no internalization...
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preconventional reasoning
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the second, or intermediate, level in kohlberg's theory of moral development, internalization...
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conventional reasoning
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the highest level in kohlberg's theory of moral development. morality is completely internalized...
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postconventional reasoning
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a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual, individuals independently...
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justice perspective
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the moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness...
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care perspective
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thoughts about social consensus and convention, as opposed to moral reasoning that stresses...
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social cognitive reasoning
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the theoy that distinguishes between moral competence (the ability to produce moral behaviors)...
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social cognitive theory of moral development
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unselfish interest in helping another person
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altruism
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this is an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when in injured person releases the injurer...
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forgiveness
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the component of the superego that involves ideal standards approved by parents
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ego ideal
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the component of the supergo that involves behaviors dissaproved of by the parents
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conscience
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reacting to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings
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empathy
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an aspect of personality that is present when indiviuals have moral notions and commitments...
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moral identity
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people who have lived exemplary lives
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moral exemplars
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a discipline technique in which a parent removes attention of love from the adolescent
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love withdrawl
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a discipline technique in which a parent attempts to gain control over the adolescent of the...
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power assertion
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a discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explanations of the consequences for...
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induction
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the pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school
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hidden curriculum
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a direct moral education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to...
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character education
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an educational appraoch that focuses on helping people clarify what is imporant to them, what...
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values clarification
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an aprach based on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and...
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cognitive moral education
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a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community
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service learning
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beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be
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values
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groups that have been defined in various ways, ranging from "dangerous institutions that cause...
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cults
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the socioculture and psychological dimensions of being male or female
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gender
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a set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel
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gender role
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states that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of females and males, with...
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social role theory
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this view emphasizes that children's and adolescents' gender development is influenced by observation...
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social cognitive theory of gender
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in this view, children's gender typing occurs after they have developed a concept of gender....
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cognitive developmental theory of gender
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according to this theory, an individual's attention and behavior are guided by an internal...
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gender schema theory
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a cognitive structure that organizes the world in terms of male and female
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gender schema
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broad categories thast reflect our impressions andbeliefs about femals and males
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gender sterotypes
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prejudice and discrimination against an individual because of her or his sex
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sexism
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the language of conversation, establishing connections, and negotiating relationships
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rapport talk
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talk that gives information; public speaking is an example
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report talk
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the presence of a high degree of desirable feminine and masculine characteristics in the same...
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androgyny
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the belief that, when an individual's competence is at issue, it should be conceptualized not...
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gender-role transcendence
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this hypothesis states that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls...
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gender intensification hypothesis
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biological male or femaleness
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sex
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psychological, cultural, and social meanings associated with masculinity and femininty
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gender
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a person's personal sense of being male or female (masculine, feminine, androgynous)
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gender identity
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direction of physical and emotional attraction
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sexual orientation
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behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits considered male or female in a certain culture
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gender roles
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embracing new culture while relinquishing old cultural identity: americanizing
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assimilation
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participating in majority culture while retaining minority cultural identity
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acculturation
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selectively emphasizing different cultural identities in different situations
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alternation
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holding cultural identity and accepting that many can coexist in a setting
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multicultural
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__is a function of occupational, educational, and economic consideration
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socioeconomics status
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__is related to differences in access to resources
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SES
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the 2009 federal poverty guideline of 4 is ___ (est. gross __ per week)
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$22,050; $382
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in 2005 __% of american kids were living below the poverty threshold
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17.8%
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__are underrepresented and may be portrayed in a stereotyped way in media
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ethnic minorities
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for some adolescents __ provide more diversity than they otherwise encounter
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tv
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| 80 |
a culture which support extensize t viewing may interfere with kids ___ development and may...
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social; unhealthy sedentary
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studies suggest that tv viewing may be related to
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aggression, sexual attitudes, and school achievement
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adolescents are the biggest consumers of
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music
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no clear experimental data linking ___ or __ to problematic behaviors
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music or videos
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are the internet and texting changing the landscape of social communications?
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yes
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according to kohlberg, moral development is based on __ and develops in stages
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moral reasoning
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| 86 |
behaviors arise from internal standards tather than external consequences
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development involves internalization
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level: avoid punishment and gain reward
stage 1 and 2
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preconventional level
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level: internal idea of what is right and wrong (follow parents and peers moral code)
stages...
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conventional level
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level: most internalized level
stages 5 and 6
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postconventional level
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stage 1
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heteronomous morality
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stage 2
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individualism, purpose, and exchange
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stage 3
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mutual interpersonal conformity
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stage 4
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social systems morality
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stage 5
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social contrct or utility and individual rights
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stage 6
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universal ethical principles
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direct consequences; clear and direct
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stage 1: heteronomous morality
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appeals to preschool notion of fairness; gaining opportunity for social exchange
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stage 2: individualism, purpose, and exchange
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appearing to be a good person; social approval for actions
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stage 3: mutual interpersonal confomity
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laws and rules
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stage 4: social systems morality
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investigation of rules and society as fair
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stage 5: social contract or utility and individual rights
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highest level, as much internalization or morals as possible, not concerned about consequences,...
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stage 6: universal ethical principles
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culturally biased (american western viewpoint and emphasizes justice perspective), underemphasizes...
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criticism of kohlberg's theory
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| 103 |
in the process of ____, immoral conduct ismade personally and socially acceptable by portraying...
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moral justification
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reinforcement and punishment
observational learning
aspects of the social situation
self-regulatory...
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other contributors to moral behavior
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both positive (__) and negative feelings (__) likely contribute to ___
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admiration, self-esteem; outrage, guilt; moral development
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| 106 |
reacting to another person's emotional feeling with a similar emotional feeling
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empathy
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| 107 |
according to __, one with a strong moral identity sees moral commitments as central to one's...
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Blasi
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| 108 |
development of moral identity influenced by
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willpower
integrity
moral desire
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| 109 |
according to __, moral character involves having strength of convictions and persisting in...
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Rest
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moral motivation involves __
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prioritizing moral values over other personal values
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| 111 |
parental discipline style may influence moral maturity:
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love withdrawl, power assertion, induction
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| 112 |
withholding attention or love (time out)
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love withdrawl
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| 113 |
assuming control of resources (taking things away)
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power assertion
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| 114 |
empathy; using reason and explanation of consequences of the child's action for others (asking...
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induction
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| 115 |
indirect moral education
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hidden curriculum
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| 116 |
direct approach that emphasizes clear moral code (ex. a whole week about honesty)
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character education
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students are encouraged to define their own values and respects those of others (open discussion,...
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values clarification
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active approach that encourages students to take part in assisting others (community service)
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service learning
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| 119 |
___has been associated with a number of benefit including lower rates of delinquent behavior...
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religiosity
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| 120 |
may be related to promotion of socially acceptable behavior and modeling
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religion
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| 121 |
___ theory suggested that adolescents may struggle with their personal ideas about religious...
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erikson's
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| 122 |
__ theory suggests that adolescents gain the cognitive capacity to consider spirituality issues
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piaget's
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__proposed stage theory much like kohlberg
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fowler
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| 124 |
intuitive projective faith
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stage 1
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| 125 |
mythical literal faith
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stage 2
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synthetic conventional faith
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stage 3
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individuative reflective faith
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stage 4
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conjunctive faith
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stage 5
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universalizing faith
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stage 6
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| 130 |
in early childhood, kids form ideas of good and evil and don't discern between fantasy and...
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stage 1; intuitive projective faith
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| 131 |
in middle to late childhood, they see things as more concrete and rational, and interpret religious...
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stage 2; mythical-literal faith
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in early adolescence, view of religion is more coherent and absract, but still mainly conforms...
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stage 3; synthetic-conventional faith
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in late adolescence/early adulthood, take responsibility for own faith and weigh choices regarding...
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stage 4; individuative reflective faith
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| 134 |
most people never move past stages _ and __
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3 and 4
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| 135 |
in middle adulthood, become more open to paradox and opposing views, stemming from understanding...
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stage 5; conjunctive faith
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in middle to late adulthood, oneness with all beings that transcends doctrine, and comfort...
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stage 6; universalizing faith
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