Flashcard Set Preview
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What is the scientific method?
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Procedures by which scientists conduct research consisting of five basic processes:observationpredictiontestinginterpretationcommunication
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What is a variable?independent and dependent
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A characteristic that changes or "varies"independent: manipulated by experimenterdependent:...
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What is social desirability bias?
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tendency towards favorable self-representation that could lead to inaccurate self report
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What is a case study?
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Observing only one person, thing, etc. over a long period of time
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What is naturalistic observation?
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A study in which a researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world
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describe debriefing
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an explanation of purposes of study following the data collection... assess the situation
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what is motivation, needs, drives, incentives?
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Motivation: the urge to move towards one's goalsneeds: cellular or bodily deficiency that compels...
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What is the evolutionary model?
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The process of natural and sexual selection that has shaped motivation over time. wanting things...
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What is the drive-reduction model?homeostasisset-point
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When tension arises when our bodies are lacking in some basic physiological capacity.homeostasis-physiological...
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What is the optimal arousal model?
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Proposes that we seek out stimulation and function best at an "optimal level of arousal"
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What is the hierarchal model?
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It is based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Physiological>safety>love and belongings>need...
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What is sexual motivation?
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When testosterone levels predict male and female drive. Testosterone is predictive of...
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What percentage of males and females would go on a date with a stranger?go to a strangers apt?sleep...
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Males: Females:date: 56...
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How does socialization influence the previous percentages?
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-safety concerns-consequences (females have more)-evolution: parental investment in finding...
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Describe sexual orientationfemales or males more categorical/continious?
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Identity vs. behaviorcategorical vs. continuousMales: more categorical, females are more continious
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What are the causes for sexual orientation?
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-Intricate mix of genetic/social factors-Great genetic link for males-social (tolerance of...
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What is normative influence?
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doing something in order to be liked by a group
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What is an intrinsic behavior?What is extrinsic behavior?
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intrinsic: Doing a behavior for the sake of doing the behavior ( enjoy cleaning room, etc.)extrinsic:...
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Approach vs. avoidance
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Approach: looking towards something as an achievement is the motivation... some people go...
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What is an emotion?Mood?
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Emotion: a response by the whole organism that involves physiological arousal, expressive behaviors,...
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Describe an affective trait
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Refers to something thats stable overtime. enduring aspects of our personality.Deals with the...
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What are the 6 basic emotions?
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Anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surpriseEckman
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Emotions as evolutionary adaptations
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From an evolutionary perspective, emotions are adaptations that have evolved because they helped...
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Emotions as a process.... describe the 4 steps
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Appraisal: the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to a person. Physiological...
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What are display rules?
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Rules that are present for when it is appropriate to show certain expressins of emotion and...
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What is personality?
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The science of individual differences
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what is the trait perspective?
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Fully focus on describing how people differ from eachother
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What did allport do?
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tried to seek out fundamental traits, looked in the dictionary and came up with 6 or 7 central...
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What did Eysenk do?
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Used language to come up with important factors. tested allport's ideas used factor analysis...
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What are the big five and what do they describe?
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They are the best description of the way people differOpennessConscientiousness-related to...
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what is the psychoanalytic theory?
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Based on Freud, unconscious contains all drives, urges, or instincts that are outside awareness...
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What is the Id, Superego, and ego?
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Id: pleasure principleSuperego: place for norms and rulesEgo: reality between id and super
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Defense mechanisms: what is repression, reaction formation, projection, and sublimation?
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Repression: keeping bad thought out of consciousnessreaction formation: unpleasant idea is...
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| 34 |
Describe psychosexual development's 5 stages
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1. Oral stage: find pleasure through mouth2. anal stage: potty training > control (fixation...
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humanistic approachsocial-cognitive approach
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Humanistic: believes humans are naturally interested in realizing full potential. (maslow and...
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Who is alder, jung, and horney
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All influential students of FreudAlder: thought individuals development stood for striving...
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Describe social psych
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How people are affected by othershow living with others influences thoughts, feelings,...
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Social facilitationsocial loafing
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Social facilitation: presence of others improves performanceSocial loafing: people may not...
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Conformityobediance
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conformity: changing behaviors to adhere to norms of culture (Asch study)obedience: conforming...
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Informative social influencenormative social influence
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Informative: when people conform to the behavior of others in order to obtain knowledgenormative:...
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Stereotypesprejudicediscrimination
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sterotyping: Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups which they...
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In-group/out-group bias
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Positive feelings toward the group you are in and negative feelings towards groups that you...
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Out-group homogeneity
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assuming everyone in the out-group is the same
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Group polarizationgroup think
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polarization:Group of people discussing particular topic and it gets polarizedthink: small...
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What is an attitude?Describe affective, cognitive, behavioral, and cognitive dissonance attitudes
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attitude: beliefs, evaluations, and behaviors towards a particular object or event.Affective:...
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what is the foot in the door and door in the foot method
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Used in persuasion.foot in the door: ex/people with clipboards ask do u care about enviromentdoor...
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What is aggression?
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Violent behaviors that are intended to cause psychological or physical harm or both to another...
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What are social influences on aggression?
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Frustrating situationsostracismsocial learning (bobo doll study. bandura.
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Prosocial behavior
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Beneficial to others
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Bystander effect
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As the number of people increase, the presence of an emergency, the less likely that any one...
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Diffusion of responsibility
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Responsibility of each individual present seems lessened
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altruismkin selectionreciprocal altruism
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altruism: selfless behavior, concern for helping otherskin: favoring genes that prompt indivudals...
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Empathy
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Sharing feelings and understanding about another persons situation
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| 54 |
liking, attraction, and love
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familiarity, similarity, and attraction all play an important role in determining whether we...
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Sexual strategies theory
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Men and women face different problems when seeking mates and also approach relationships differently
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Triangular theory of love
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Intimacy, passion, and commitment
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