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Related Flashcards
Cards In This Set
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8 Describe the relationship between a confounding variable and the internal validity of an experiment
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A confounding variable is a variable that varies along with the independent variable; occurs when the independent variable and uncontrolled variable are intertwined so you cannot determine which variable is responsible for the observed effect. Internal validity is when the results of an experiment can confidently be attributed to the effect of the independent variable
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8 Describe the posttest -only design and the pretest-posttest design, including the advantages and disadvantages of each design
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Posttest-only design: (1) obtain two equivalent groups of participants, (2) introduce the independent variable, (3) measure the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Pretest-posttest design is same thing but pretest is given. Pretest helps decide equivalency. Help determine drop out factor, mortality. pretests are time consuming.
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8 Contrast an independent groups design with a repeated measures design
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Independent groups design is when participants are randomly assigned to the various conditions so that each participates in only one group. In repeated measures design, participants are in all conditions.
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8 Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using a repeated measures design
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Advantage: sensitive to finding statistically significant differences, involves few individuals. Disadvantage: order effect, the order of presenting the treatments affects the dependent variable.
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8 Describe a matched pairs design, including reasons to use this design
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Matched pairs design: match people on a participant characteristic. Ensures that the groups are equivalent prior to introduction of the independent variable manipulation
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3 Summarize Milgram’s obedience experiment
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-studying the phenomenon of obedience to an
authority figure
-65% went on to deliver shocks all the way up
to 450 volts
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3 Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in
the Belmont Report: beneficence,
autonomy, and justice
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-principle of beneficence refers to the need
for research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of
participation.
-principle of autonomy states that
participants are treated as autonomous and are capable of making deliberate
decisions whether to participate in research.
-the principle of justice addresses issues of
fairness in receiving the benefits of research as well as bearing the burdens
of accepting risks
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· 3 List the information contained in an informed
consent form
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1.
Purpose of research
2.
Procedure that will be used, including time
involved
3.
Risks and benefits
4.
Compensation
5.
Confidentiality
6.
Assurance of voluntary participation and
permission to withdraw
7.
Contact information for questions
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3·
Describe the purpose of debriefing research
participants
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-Debriefing gives the researcher an
opportunity to deal with issues of withholding information, deception, and
potential harmful effects of participation
-If participants were deceived, researcher
needs to explain why it was necessary
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· 3 Discuss the potential problems obtaining
informed consent
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-Withholding information in order to prevent
invalidated results of a study.
-However, it leads to deception, which occurs
when there is active misrepresentation of information
-Informed consent may also bias the sample
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3 ·
Describe the function of an Institutional Review
Board
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-Responsible
for the review of research conducted within institutions that receive federal
funds
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3 ·
Contrast the categories of risk involved in
research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk
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-Research in which there is no risk is
exempt from review
-Minimal risk means that the risk of harm
to participants is no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in
routine physical or psychological tests.
-Any research that places participants at
greater than minimal risk is subject to thorough review by the IRB
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3 ·
Summarize the ethical principles in the APA ethics
code concerning research with human participants
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1.
Institutional approval
2.
Informed consent to research
3.
Informed consent for recording voices and images
in research
4.
Client/patient, student, and subordinate
research participants
5.
Dispensing with informed consent for research
6.
Offering inducements for research participation
7.
Deception in research
8.
Debriefing
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3 Summarize
the ethical principles in the APA ethics code concerning research with
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1.
Humane care and use of animals in research
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3 ·
Discuss how potential risks and benefits of
research are evaluated
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1.
Risks of psychological harm or loss of
confidentiality
2.
What types of deception
3.
How will informed consent be obtained
4.
What debriefing procedure is to be used
5.
Weigh benefits and costs
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