Flashcard Set Preview
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Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Eating disorder that involves a binge-and-purge sequence on a regular basis.
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Bulimia Nervosa
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A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place...
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Puberty
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Motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity.
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Fine Motor Skills
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Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking.
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Gross Motor Skills
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The sequence in which the greatest growth occurs at the top (head) gradually working from the...
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Cephalocaudal Pattern
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The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
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Proximodistal Pattern
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Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements, which are automatic and...
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Reflexes
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The formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond between parents and their newborn...
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Bonding
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Strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair in new mothers that make it difficult for them...
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Postpartum Depression
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Period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the...
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Postpartum Period
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An infant who weighs less than 5 ½ pounds at birth.
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Low Birth Weight
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Infant born 3 weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term.
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Preterm Infant
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The baby’s position in the uterus that causes The buttocks to be the first part to emerge...
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Breech Position
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Three stages of the birth process:
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Labor, Delivery, Afterbirth
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Uterine contractions and cervix dilation.
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Labor
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Birth of the infant
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Delivery
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Delivery of the placenta
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Afterbirth
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Begins 2 months after conception and lasts for an average of 7 months.
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Fetal Period
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organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of prenatal development.
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Organogenesis
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clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats
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Amnion
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Contains two arteries and one vein; connects the baby to the placenta.
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Umbilical Cord
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Disk-shaped group of tissue in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine
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Placenta
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Three parts of the embryo:
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Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm
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In the embryo, inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory...
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Endoderm
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In the embryo, outermost later, will become nervous system, sensory receptors (ears, nose,...
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Ectoderm
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In the embryo, Middle layer, which will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory...
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Mesoderm
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Occurs 2-8 weeks after conception. Rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems...
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Embryonic Period
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Period of development that begins as the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall. The mass...
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Embryonic Period
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The outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. These cells provide nutrition...
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Tropoblast
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The inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop...
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Blastocyst
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Two parts of the Germinal Period:
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Tropoblast, Blastocyst
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Takes place in the first two weeks after conception. Creation the zygote, continued cell division,...
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Germinal Period
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Three stages in the course of Prenatal Development:
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Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period
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The single cell formed through fertilization
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Zygote
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The process in which an egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell, the Zygote.
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Fertilization
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The way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics.
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Phenotype
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A person’s genetic heritage; the actual genetic material.
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Genotype
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Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair coming from each parent....
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Chromosomes
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A complex molecule that contains genetic information.
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DNA
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Units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Direct cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture...
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Genes
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The evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive...
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Natural Selection
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In experimental settings, the stimulus condition whose values are free to vary independently...
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Independent Variable
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In an experimental setting, any variable whose values are the results of changes in one or...
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Dependent Variable
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Variations over time among individuals who share a common life experience; year of birth, year...
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Cohort Effect
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A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually...
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Longitudinal Approach
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Research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time.
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Cross-sectional Approach
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One or more factors believed to influence behavior being studied are manipulated while all...
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Experimentation
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Describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
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Correlational Studies
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An in-depth look at a single individual
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Case Study
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Observing behavior in real-world settings
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Naturalistic Observation
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Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and characterized by critical...
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Ethological Theory
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Occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, resulting...
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Negative Punishment
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Occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by an aversive stimulus, resulting in a decrease...
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Positive Punishment
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Occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus,
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Negative Reinforcement
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Occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable stimulus that increases the frequency...
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Positive Reinforcement
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Consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
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Operant Conditioning
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Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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Previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the US, eventually comes to...
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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Unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
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Unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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When a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that automatically produces a response...
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Classical Conditioning
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Erikson's first 5 Life-Span Stages:
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1. Trust/mistrust
2. autonomy/shame
3. initiative/guilt
4. industry/inferiority
5. identity/identity...
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Freud's 5 stages of development:
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1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phalic
4. Latency
5. Genital
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According to Freud, consists of instincts, mostly sexual
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Id
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According to Freud, executive branch; uses reasoning to make decisions.
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Ego
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According to Freud, moral branch of personality; decides between right and wrong
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Superego
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4 steps of the scientific method:
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1. Conceptualize a process or problem
2. Collect data
3. Draw conclusions
4. Revise research...
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An approach that can be used to obtain accurate information. Objective, systematic, testable.
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Scientific Method
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The issue regarding the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative changes or...
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Continuity-discontinuity issue
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Gradual cumulative changes; growth of an oak tree:
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Continuity
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Distinct stages; like the stages of a caterpillar changing into a butterfly.
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Discontinuity
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5 Main stages of child development:
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1. Prenatal period
2. Infancy
3. Early Childhood
4. Middle and late childhood
5. Adolescence
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The time from conception to birth
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Prenatal Period
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The development period that extends from birth to about 18 to 24 months.
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Infnacy
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The developmental period that extends from the end of infancy to about 5 to 6 years of age,...
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Early Childhood
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The developmental period that extends from about 6 to 11 years of age, sometimes called the...
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Middle and Late Childhood
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The developmental period from childhood to early adulthood, beginning 10 to 12 years of age...
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Adolescence
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Changes in an individual’s relationships with other people, emotions, and personality.
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Socioemotional Processes
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Changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language
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Cognitive Processes
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Changes in an individual’s body
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Biological Processes
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The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span.
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Development
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