Flashcard Set Preview
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Action Potential:
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Depolarization triggers an action potential which is an electrical impulse.
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what causes an action potential?
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neuron is normally negatively charged, with enough stimulation, sodium channels open up and...
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What happens after action potential?
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After sodium channels close and potassium channels open to release positively charged potassium...
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Acetylcholine/ACh: location in CNS, related disease
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in peripheral and CNS.
Breakdown of ACh related to Alzhemers etc.
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Ach function
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In peripheral causes muscles to contract. In CNS involved in REM sleep, sleep wake cycle, memory....
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Dopamine: effects on, disease related to
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Personality, mood, sleep.
Schizophrenia hypothesis of high levels or overactive receptors....
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Serotonin:
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inhibitory effect.
Mood, hunger, aggression, migraine.
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Elevated seratonin leads to:
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Elevated leads to schizophrenia, autism, restriction/Anorexia.
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Low levels of seratonin lead to:
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Low levels lead to aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia, PTSD, OCD.
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GABA: type of effect, related to what
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inhibitory effect. Eating, seizure, anxiety, motor, vision. Benzos and CNS depressants reduce...
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Low GABA leads related to what diseases/conditions
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Low GABA anxiety.
Low GABA in Huntington’s disease.
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Spinal cord:
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bundles or myelinated axons, dendrites and somas.
Info between brain and body, coordinate...
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Function of nerves in superior portion of spinal cord:
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Nerves in superior portion carry afferent/sensory messages.
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Function of nerves in inferior portion of spinal cord:
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Nerves in inferior portion transmit efferent/motor messages.
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Quadriplegia:
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damage at cervical level.
Loss of sensory and voluntary motor function of arms and legs....
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Paraplegia:
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damage at thoracic level.
Loss of sensory and voluntary motor movement of legs.
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How many segments in spinal cord. Name areas of spinal cord
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31 segments in 5 groups: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal.
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Hydrocephalus:
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obstruction of flow of CSF that leads to build up of fluid and enlarging of ventricles and...
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Somatic Nervous System/SNS:
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sensory and motor nerves that carry respective info to CNS.
Voluntary activities.
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Autonomic Nervous System/ANS:
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sensory and motor nerves that carry signals from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and...
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Parasympathetic Branch:
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part of ANS
conservation of energy, digestion, rest, relation.
Biofeedback and hypnosis...
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Structural Neruoimaging: CT and MRI ...
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computerized tomography. Uses xray to get horizontal slices of brain.
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Structural Neruoimaging: CT and MRI ...
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also gives cross sectional images, but uses magnetic fields and radio waves.
Better...
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Functional Neuroimaging: PET and fMRIPET:
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injected with radioactive tracer that is taken up by active brain cells.
Provide info on...
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Functional Neuroimaging: PET and fMRIfMRI:
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similar to MRI but gives functional feedback and better temporal and spatial resolution.
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What three structures form the hindbrain?
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Hindbrain formed by medulla, pons and cerebellum.
Spinal cord expands in brain and creates...
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Medulla:
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influences flow of info between brain and spinal cord.
Coordinates swallowing, sneezing,...
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Pons:
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connects two halves of cerebellum and integrates left/right body movements.
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Cerebellum:
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balance and posture, refined motor movements.
Sensorimotor aspects of cognitive functioning...
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diseases associated with cerebellum abnormalities:
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abnormalities linked to autism, schizophrenia and ADHD.
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Ataxia:
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caused by damage to cerebellum.
Slurred speech, tremors, loss of balance. Similar to effects...
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Midbrain: included what important structure/system?
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Reticular Formation
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Reticular Activating System/RAS:
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part of reticular formation.
Vital to consciousness, arousal, and wakefulness.
Filters...
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Thalamus:
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relay station, motor activity, language, memory.
Transmits sensory info to appropriate area...
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What disorder is associated with the thalamus?
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Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome:
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Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome:
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thiamine deficiency causes atrophy of neurons in thalamus.
Result of chronic alcoholism....
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describe development of WK syndrome
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Begins with Wernicke’s encephalopathy. confusion, abnormal eye movements, ataxia,
then...
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Hypothalamus:
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one of smallest structures.
Vital functions like sleep, thirst, sex, body temperature, emotional...
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Superchiasmatic Nucleus/SCN:
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Mediates circadian rhythms and sleep/wake cycle. Evidence of seasonal affective disorder.
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Where is SCN located?
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located on hypothalamus
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Basal Ganglia: consists of what 3 stuctures
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caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus.
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Basil Ganglia functions and disorders:
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Involved in planning, organizing, coordinating voluntary movements. Many disorders including...
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Limbic System: role and structures
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mediation of emotions and memory. Includes amygdale, hippocampus and cingulate cortex.
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Amygdala: functions
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integrates, coordinates and directs motivational and emotional activities.
Attaches...
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Kluver-Bucy Snydrome: damage to what area and symptoms
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lesion in amygdale reduces fear/aggression and increases docile, oral behaviors.
Hypersexual,...
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Hippocampus:
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learning and memory.
Processing spatial, visual, verbal info and consolidating declarative...
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Corpus Callosom:
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the biggest bundle of nerves connecting the two hemispheres.
If severed, brain can continue...
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Contralateral Representation:
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for most senses signal goes to opposite side of the brain except olfaction which goes...
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Brain Lateralization:
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brain tends to specialize although both halves involved in most things.
For 99% right...
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Frontal Lobe: contains what areas/structures
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motor, Broca's, and prefrontal cortex
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Broca’s Area: function and damage?
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major motor speech.
Damage produces expressive aphasia (difficulty producing spoken language...
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Prefrontal Cortex: functions
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complex behaviors such as emotion, attention, memory, self awareness and higher order thinking....
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What happens when prefrontal cortex is damaged?
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Damage can impair creativity and problem solving but does not affect IQ.
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Disorders as a result of abnormalities in prefrontal cortex include:
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schizophrenia, ADHD, dementia.
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Parietal Lobe: function
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governs the sensorymotor cortex. Electrical stimulation simulates warmth/tingling etc.
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Damage to parietal lobe: apraxia
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inability to perform skilled motor movements with no impairment of motor functioning. ...
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Anosogosia:
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inability to recognize ones own neurological symptoms, disabilities (blindness etc)
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Gerstmann’s Syndrome:
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combination of finger agnosia, right/left confusion, agraphia and acalculia.
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Temporal Lobe: contains what major area?
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Wernicke's area.
Usually in left hemisphere
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Temporal Lobe: damage causes?
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Lesions cuase auditory hallucinations, sensation issues, agnosia.
Certain areas mediate...
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Wernicke’s Area:
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important for comprehension of language. Lesions produce Wernicke’s/receptive aphasia- severe...
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Occipital Lobe:
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visual cortex, visual perception, recognition and memory.
Posterior section involved in macular...
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Visual Agnosia:
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visual hallucinations, cortical blindness.
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Prosopagnosia:
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inability to recognize familiar faces.
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Trichromatic Theory:
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three types of cones/color receptors that receive primary colors red blue and green.
All...
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Opponent Process Theory:
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three types of bipolar receptors: red/green, yellow/blue, white/black.
Some cells are...
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Dermatomes:
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an area of the body that ends up corresponding to an area of the spine. Ex. Ring and little...
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Pain:
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unlike other senses as is affected by pressure, heat and cold.
Not only as a result of sensation...
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Are active or passive strategies to reduce pain more effective?
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Active exercise, distractions ignoring, physical therapy
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Gate Control Theory of Pain:
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nervous system can only process limited amount of sensory info at once so spinal cord acts...
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Psychophysics:
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regarding absolute thresholds (minimum stimulus needed to produce a sensation) and difference...
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Weber’s Law:
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The more intense the stimulus the greater the magnitude needed to produce a just noticeable...
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Fechner’s Law:
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extended Weber’s Law and states that a person’s experience of a stimulus intensity increases...
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Steven’s Power Law:
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for extreme intensities (other two are for midrange intensities).
Doubling a shock more...
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Temporal Lobes: type of memory
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encoding, storage and retrieval of long term declarative memories.
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Damage to right side of frontal lobe:
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Right side damage: deficits in non verbal tasks (face recognition, spatial position).
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Damage to left side of frontal lobe:
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Left side damage: verbal memory problems (word lists, stories)
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3 major theories of emotionJames-Lange Theory:
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Emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions (scared b/c knees shaking).
Supported...
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Cannon-Bard Theory: of emotions
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stresses brain mechanisms for emotion.
Emotion and body reactions occur simultaneously...
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Two-Factor Theory:
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emotional experience is combination of physiological arousal and interpretations of arousal...
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Cognitive Appraisal Theory:
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emotions are universal but interpretations make for differing experiences.
Primary...
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Papez’c Circuit:
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existence of a neural circuit that mediates experience and expression of emotions.
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Other areas of the brain related to emotions include:
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cerebral cortex,
amygdala,
hypothalamus.
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Amygdala:
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attaches emotion to memory.
Evaluates incoming sensory information and determines...
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Pituitary:
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Stimulate cause rage or uncontrollable laughter.
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General Adaptation Syndrome:
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people respond to stress in the same ways by adrenal and pituitary glands(releases cortisol)....
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Type A personality:
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competitive, achievement oriented, urgency, hostile, easily irritated, impatient.
More...
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Sexual Dimorphism:
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sex related differences in appearance of brain (size of corpus callosum, hippocampus and SCN)....
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Sleep
5 Stages
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Beta Waves: alert, fully awake
Alpha Waves: awake, rested, relaxed state
Theta Waves: Deep...
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Level of Severity: TBI determined by several factors including the
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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).
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Recovery from TBI determined by:
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severity, age, socio, preinjury physical and mental functioning.
Less favorable outcome for...
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Post Concussional Syndrome/Disorder:
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pattern of somatic and psychological symptoms that up to 50% with mild TBI exhibit.
Headache,...
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Cerebrovascular Accident/CVA risk factors:
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hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart attack, diabetes, smoking, increasing age/60+. Depression...
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Huntington’s Disease:
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inherited degenerative disease.
Emotional symptoms first
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describe the 3 stages of huntington's development:
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Early motor symptoms are fidgeting and clumsiness.
Then facial grimaces, piano playing fingers....
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Huntington's is related to which neurotransmitter?
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Linked to GABA loss
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Parkinson’s Disease:
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progressive degeneration of dopamine containing cells.
Cause unknown, evidence of exposure...
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Parkinsons positive and negative symptoms:
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Positive symptoms: tremor, muscle rigidity, akathisia/restlessness.
Negative symptoms:...
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Tonic-Clonic/Grand Mal:
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tonic stage when muscles contract and body stiffens,
clonic sage that involves rhythmic shaking...
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Absence/Petit Mal:
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brief attacks. Loss of consciousness without motor symptoms.
Blank stare w/frequent...
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Multiple Sclerosis:
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progress nervous system disease. Degeneration of myelin sheath. Autoimmune response producing...
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MS: gender difference, age on onset, how symptoms come on.
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More common in women.
Between 20-40 onset.
Initially symptoms come and go, then stay.
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| 103 |
MS symptoms:
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eye problems, motor impairment, sensory abnormalities.
Tremors, speech/swallow problems,...
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| 104 |
Hyperthyroidism:
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hypersecretion of thyroid glad which is related to metabolism.
Speeded up metabolism, elevated...
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Hypothyroidism:
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slowed metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, slowed HR, lowered body temp, lethargy,...
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