Flashcard Set Preview
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organisms use organic compounds for
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energy and carbon skeletons
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heterotrophs
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take in organic compounds from other organisms
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autotrophs
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make their own organic compounds
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chemoautotroph
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a type of autotroph that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds w/o light (rare, bacteria)
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photoautotroph
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type of autotroph that uses light energy to produce organic compounds. includes plants, algae,...
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photosynthesis
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metabolic process which transforms light energy trapped by chloroplast into chemical bond energy...
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main organ of photosynthesis in plants
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leaves, because they have about .5million chloroplasts per square millimeter of leaf surface
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cutin
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top layer, also called cuticle, waxy, protective
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upper epidermis
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below cuticle, protects
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palisade layer
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below upper epidermis, above spongy layer. composed of chloroplasts
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spongy layer
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contains chloroplasts and air spaces. below palisade layer, above lower epidermis
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lower epidermis
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protects, contains stomata
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mesophyll
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the area including the palisade and spongy layer. veins are incorporated here
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chloroplasts are enclosed by
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a double membrane
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thylakoid
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membrane pouches with chlorophyll (may be in grana stacks)
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stroma
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liquid surrounding thylakoids
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photosynthesis in prokaryotes
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have no chloroplasts but have chlorophyll in their plasma or vesicle membrane. cyanobacteria...
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photosynthesis equation overview
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6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O
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| 19 |
photosynthesis equation in simplest form
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CO2 + H2O -> [CH2O] +O2
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photosynthesis adds carbon one at a time
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in order to build a sugar
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C.B. Van Neil discovered in 1930's that
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photosynthesis needs an electron source; O2 is from H2O, not CO2
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| 22 |
in light reactions, solar energy is
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converted to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
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| 23 |
site of light reactions
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thylakoids
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| 24 |
Calvin Cycle (Light independent reactions) reduce CO2 to a carb by
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using carbon fixation and ATP and NADPH from light reactions
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site of calvin cycle
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stroma
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sunlight is
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electromagnetic energy (radiation) has a behavior that is both wavelike and particlelike
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wavelengths
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distance between crests of waves
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| 28 |
visible light
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380-750 wavelength. the portion of the elec. spectrum which humans can see. ROYGBIV.
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wavelike properties of light
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rhythmic disturbances of electric and magnetic fields
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particlelike properties of light
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behaves like it consisted of particles called photons, which are fixed quantities of energy...
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pigments absorb
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visible light according to its absorption spectrum. the ones absorbed "disappear", the ones...
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spectrophotometer
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measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths
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chlorophyll a
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main pigment in chloroplasts (blue-green), temperature dependent (autumn)
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accessory pigments
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absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a
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chlorophyll b
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an accessory pigment that is yellow-green
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carotenoids
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family of accessory pigments. various shades of oranges & yellows. broader spectrum of colors....
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why have several pigments
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so it can absorb different (more) colors of light
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when pigments absorb photons
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the energy boots one of the pigment molecule's electrons to excited state
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if there is no intervention with a molecule in the excited state
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e- would fall back and release energy as heat or light, potentially damaging chlorophyll or...
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thylakoid membranes contain electron acceptors which
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trap the excited electrons before they can fall to ground state
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| 41 |
3 parts of the photosystem assembly in a thylakoid
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antenna complex (100's of pigment molecules), reaction center (chlorophyll a molecules which...
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photosystems differ due to
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their location relative to specific proteins and e- acceptors
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photosystem I absorbs
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far red (700 nm) light best
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photosystem II absorbs
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red light (680 nm) best
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two routes for electron flow
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cyclic (ph. I) or non cyclic (ph. II to I)
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cycle electron flow (cyclic photophosphorylation) only generates
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ATP
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what happens to energy released by ETC?
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pumps H+ into thyla from stroma, creates proton-motive force, H+ flow through ATP synthase...
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why have both cyclic and noncyclic electron flow?
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calvin cycle requires more ATP than NADPH and noncyclic flow makes roughly equal amounts. cyclic...
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how respiration and photosynthesis are different
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respiration uses food as an energy source and photosynthesis uses light
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how respiration and photosynthesis are the same
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both use chemiosmosis, ATP synthase and many e-carriers are similar, and both have a proton...
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products of calvin cycle
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glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (3-C) sugar. also known as PGAL, G3P, 3CO2, 9 ATP, and 6 NADPH
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what does the calvin cycle regenerate
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RuBP/rubisco
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for every three turns of the cycle,
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3 CO2's enter, 1 G3P is gained for use and 3 RuBP's are re-made
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what happens to the products of photosynthesis if not being used for energy or carbon skeletons
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sucrose sent to nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant, converted into cellulose, or stored as...
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photorespiration
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a process which reduces the sugar yield of photosynthesis
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why is photorespiration in normal plants (C3) bad and if so, why is it still there?
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organic material is taken out of the calvin cycle. believed to be evolutionary relic (no O2...
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photorespiration in c4 plants
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they use PEP (does not bind to O2) which binds CO2 in meosphyll, forming malate intermediate,...
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photorespiration in CAM plants
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opens stomates at night, take in CO2, and store it as organic acids in mesophyll vacuoles until...
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carbon fixation
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incorporating carbon into present organic molecules
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absorption spectrum
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graph plotting pigments; light absorption vs. wavelength
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best color light for photosyntheis; worst?
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violet blue and red; green
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photosystem
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chlorophyll molecules organized with other small organic molecules & proteins. composed of...
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light harvesting complexes
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like antennae for rxn center, consist of pigment molecules bound to proteins
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reaction center
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protein complex that has two chlorophyll a molecules that can boost one of their e- to higher...
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bundle-sheath cells (C4)
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arranged into tightly packed sheaths around veins of leaf
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