Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
red herring fallacy
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bring up claims that have no relevance to issue at hand
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| 2 |
slippery slope
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occurs when one inappropriately concludes that some further chain of events will result from...
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| 3 |
hasty generalization
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fallaciously drawing a conclusion about characteristics of a whole group based on premises...
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| 4 |
false dilemma
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concluding something based upon premises that include only 2 options, when there are really...
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| 5 |
arguments from inappropriate authority
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a fallacy that incorrectly draws a conclusion from premises based on non-credible or an illegitimate...
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| 6 |
ad hominem
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concluding someones claims or arguments are wrong or not worth listening to because of premises...
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| 7 |
freedom classical definition
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a belief that one has reason for confidence, knower has compelling justification for belief...
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| 8 |
gettier problem
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a justified true belief isnt necessarily knowledge if the justification is false
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| 9 |
principle of causality
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event has a cause, stands in a chain of history of causes
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| 10 |
hard determinism
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natural laws determine our actions as well as worlds actions, may feel free, but actions are...
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| 11 |
soft determinism
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action is not compelled, agent could have acted differently, still free in some sense
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| 12 |
agency theory
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all events have causes, all events are cause by agents alone
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| 13 |
agent causation
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agents act for reasons, but could have acted differently, reasons do not determine actions
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| 14 |
fatalism
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everything that happens is unavoidable, we have no control, guilt or pride
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| 15 |
mind body identity relationship
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I am my body
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| 16 |
mind body possession relationship
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i own my body
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| 17 |
dualism
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2 kinds of completely separate things (material/physical)
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| 18 |
monism
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1 type of substance(mental=material)
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| 19 |
idealists
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only mental monist
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| 20 |
materialists
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only physical monist
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| 21 |
4 challenges to dualism
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theological objections, science objections, epistemology challenges, metaphysical challenge
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| 22 |
materialism
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mind is made of physical things, mind is the brain
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| 23 |
non-reductive materialists
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mind is composed of emergent properties that supervene physical states of the body
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| 24 |
argument
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premises must be true, proof must be valid
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| 25 |
argument is sound if
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both conditions are met
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| 26 |
argument is valid
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if conclusion follows premises
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| 27 |
2 ways to attack argument
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examine premises(derivative, base premises), find flawed reasoning
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| 28 |
a priori
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self evident, obvious, known prior to experience,
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| 29 |
a posteriori
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at least one premise is based on empirical observation, after experience
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| 30 |
ontological argument
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a priori, correct definition of God means He is the greatest possible being, has to exist because...
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| 31 |
cosmological argument
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principle of sufficient reason-there is a reason something exists, rather than not;God is necessary...
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| 32 |
teleological argument
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there is an end goal in mind that one is trying to accomplish, man's designs are similar to...
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| 33 |
fine tuning (anthropic) argument
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conditions necessary for humans are so precise that our existence could not have been due to...
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| 34 |
moral argument
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if no God, why is there moral order, obligation, a sense of right and wrong
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| 35 |
theoretical moral argument
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theism is true, God probably exists, obligation to promote highest good
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| 36 |
practical moral argument
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there is a practical benefit, morally speaking, to believing in God
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| 37 |
appeal to religious experience
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perceptional claim, one claims to experience God immediately, directly without arguing
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| 38 |
objections to religious experience (3)
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how can God be experienced if He is immaterial?if one experience through God is an experience,...
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| 39 |
principle of credulity
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something is as it appears, until proven false
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| 40 |
2 types of evil
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moral and natural
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| 41 |
moral evil
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evil from agent of moral being(lying cheating)
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| 42 |
natural evil
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suffering brought about by natural causes alone(natural order is responsible)
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| 43 |
logical argument against God
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1. God is omnipotent/omniscient2/ capable of preventing evil as a perfect being should3. there...
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| 44 |
humes a priori argument
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we have expectations about the world a good God would create1. great difference between what...
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| 45 |
free will theodicy
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existence of free will and positive use of freedom outweighs the evil in the world, existence...
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| 46 |
strong version of free will theodicy
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all evil can be accounted for by misuse of freedom
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| 47 |
weak version of free will theodicy
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only explain much of the evil, but not all is due to misuse of freedom
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| 48 |
objections to free will theodicy(4)
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is freedom real?how does this account for natural evil?why didnt God make free beings that...
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