Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
Drugs categories that are anti-hypertensive:
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Alpha blockers, Beta blockers, Alpha2 agonists, neuronal blockers, ACE inhibitors, ATR antagonists,...
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High blood pressure: systole/diastole
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Greater than 140/90 (sustained)
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Prevalence of hyptertension:
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30% of US adult population
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A heart attack waiting to happen (who it affects the most):
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an old, obese, African American, alcoholic man who loads up on salty foods
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Risk factors (4):
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genetics, glucose intollerance, high serum levels (high LDL/ low HDL), and smoking
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Secondary hypertension vs. primary hypertension:
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Secondary is 10-15% of hypertensives, comes from vascular disease, high catecholamine levels,...
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What is your therapeutic BP target if you have diabetes or renal disease:
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130/80
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End stage hypertension can cause (5 things):
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Cerebral vascular disease (CVD, stroke), coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure...
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Problems with compliance:
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it's asymptomatic (10-30 years away), lots of side effects
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The adverse effects and their percentages:Contraindications with these drugs
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ACE inhibitors - 83%Diuretics - 78%Beta-blockers - 74%
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3 things that affect blood flow and the associated parts of the body:
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Vasculature - constriction/dilationHeart - pump function and force of outputKidneys - total...
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The blood pressure equation:Which part is in both part of the equation?What do antihypertensives...
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BP = CO x TPRTPR - total peripheral resistancelower TPR or CO
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What is the equation for CO (cardiac output)?
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CO = HR x SV (stroke volume)SV is the volume of blood pumped per heartbeatHR controlled by...
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| 14 |
The three parts of stroke volume:
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Contractility - force generated by the heart muscleAfterload - the resistance the heart works...
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Contractility (inotropy)
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stimulated by Beta-1 activation, circulating catecholamines getting to Beta-2, higher...
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The greater the filling pressure:
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The greater the stroke volume
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The two types of afterload:
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aortic pressuresystemic arterial pressure - amount of resistance/compliance of arterioles
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| 18 |
TPR goes up when resistance vessels constrict. How does this happen?
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release of SNS -> alpha receptor activation on smooth muscles -> Ca influx -> constriction...
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TPR also increases when:
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plasma volume increases
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Most of the blood volume is contained in the:
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Distensible venous circulation (which sets the preload)Dilation of this circulation takes blood...
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| 21 |
Blood pressure is regulated by what two main systems?
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Baroreceptor reflex and the ANSRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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Which system is slower: ANS or RAAS?
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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Which system is more likely associated with genetic defects (for hypertension) - ANS or RAAS?
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RAAS
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Which system has the greatest capacity to change the blood pressure - ANS or RAAS?
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RAAS
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What part of the kidney has receptors that sense the filtration rate and thus the blood pressure?
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Glomerulus - the baroreceptor of RAAS
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| 26 |
What are the two things AT1 receptors do?
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Directly increase vasoconstriction of smooth musclesStimulate the hormone aldosterone to retain...
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| 27 |
What endocrine/metabolic imbalances in the system can cause primary hypertension?
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Too much NE/EToo much aldosteroneGenetic disorder: Too much DOC due to 17hydroxylase deficiency
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| 28 |
What renal imbalances in the system can cause primary hypertension?
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High reninToo much salt retentionKidney's antihypertensive functions aren't working
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| 29 |
What neural imbalance in the system can cause primary hypertension?
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Increased SNS/ decreased PNS
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| 30 |
What cardiovascular imbalances in the system can cause primary hypertension?
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Increased force or rate of contractionMechanical properties of the vessel wall
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| 31 |
What genetic imbalances in the system can cause primary hypertension?
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Genetic mutations and polymorphisms in key genesBeing African American(There are many genes...
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The difference in medicating stage 1 HTN vs. stage 2 HTN is:
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With stage 2, you should give a combination, a thiazide-type diuretic AND a BB, CCB, ARB, or...
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