Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
True or False
Ischemia time is the time the aorta was cross clamped.
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True
This is the time the heart is not being perfused or receiving any nutrients.
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| 2 |
The ion needed for the power stroke is what?
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Calcium
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| 3 |
What is the difference between global and regional ischemia?
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Global ischemia - systemic reduction in tissue perfusion all over the body
Regional...
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| 4 |
What are the 3 phases of ischemia?
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1) unprotected ischemia
2) protected ischemia
3) reperfusion ischemia
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| 5 |
What are some causes of ischemia injury (when oxygen supply does not meet demand)?
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- inadequate O2 delivery
- inadequate waste removal
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| 6 |
True or False
Ischemia < 30 minutes = Myocardial Stunning and is reversible
Ischemia...
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True
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| 7 |
The most important ion in reperfusion is what ion?
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Calcium
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| 8 |
What causes the generation of oxygen free radicals?
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During ischemic interval waste is built up - then when you unclamp and reperfuse, once the...
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| 9 |
What is calcium paradox?
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When you have ischemic tissue, Ca++ had the tendency to load into cells (creating a calcium...
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| 10 |
During "flaccid depolarization" the excitability of muscle is what?
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zero
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| 11 |
What are some myocardial protection strategies?
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1) elective asystole
2) elective ventricular fibrillation
3) intermittent aortic cross-clamping
4)...
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| 12 |
ABGO measures ion concentration intracellularly or extracellularly?
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extracellular
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| 13 |
What are three disadvantages to intermittant aortic occlusion?
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1) no cardioplegia delivery
2) forces surgeons to work fast
3) have to clamp aorta multiple...
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| 14 |
True or False
Off-pump surgery is also known as beating heart surgery which allows...
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True
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| 15 |
When would we do elective ventricular fibrillation?
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for calcified aortas
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| 16 |
What is the surgical goal of myocardial protection?
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To preserve and protect the heart during any cardiac procedure.
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| 17 |
The cardiac muscle uses what percentage of O2 delivered to it?
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70%
(Note: most organs use only 30%)
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| 18 |
O2 Consumption
Normal - ?
Empty Beating Heart - ?
Arrested - ?
Arrested and Cooled - ?
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O2 Consumption
Normal - 8.0 cc O2/100g/min at 37 degrees celcius
Empty Beating Heart - 5.6...
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| 19 |
Anaerobic metabolism which takes place during ischemic periods results in what?
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1) only 2 moles of ATP (compared to 36 during aerobic metabolism)
2) makes it difficult to...
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| 20 |
How is the heart protected during CPB and while the cross clamp is on?
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By "protected ischemia"
The heart is protected during this period by:
- electromechanical...
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