Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

A form of associative learning that typically involves the presentation of a neutral stimulus with one that reliably elicits a natural response 

A neutral stimulus that does not reliably elicit a response

A stimulus that holds significant meaning in the subject and reliably elicits a natural or reflexive response

The CS alone will elicit a CR

Stimulus substitution, because it appeared that the CS replaced the UCS

There is a reinforcement: this reinforcement is always the UCS, it is not necessarily a good or pleasurable thing, it can also be a negative event, like a shock

Any event that increases the probability of a response (always the UCS because it is the UCS that causes the CS -> CR relationship to develop)

Always an S shape, performance changes rapidly and then levels

If you withhold the UCS, it eliminates the conditioned response by eliminating the learned association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response

If you leave a pocket of time after extinction, the response returns (though not as strongly as before)

If you continue extinction trials even after there is no response, there will be no spontaneous recovery

Continuing trials even once the behaviour is learned, this leads to better retention

Stimulus generalization of the conditioned stimulus: similar stimuli to the trained stimulus will also elicit the conditioned response, just at lower levels of responding

Hovland said that we need to take the JND into account: we should look at stimulus generalization not in terms of absolutes, but in terms of number of JNDs

If you present the trained CS and the similar stimuli interchangeably without reinforcing the similar stimuli, then the subject will be be trained to discriminate between the trained stimulus and the broad range of similar stimuli that also elicit the conditioned response