Flashcard Set Preview
| Side A | Side B | ||
| 1 |
what is functional tissue called?
|
parenchyma
|
|
| 2 |
what is stroma?
|
supporting or structural connective tissue
|
|
| 3 |
what is the definition of 'injury'?
|
any damage to tissues/cells that affects structural and/or functional integrity.
|
|
| 4 |
the extent of an injury depends on what four factors?
|
the intensity of the stimuli|duration of exposure|type of injurious agent|type of cell making...
|
|
| 5 |
the healing of damaged tissue depends on what three things?
|
overall nutritional status|age|blood supply to the tissue
|
|
| 6 |
what are the three types of cells categorized by regenerative capacity?
|
labile|stable|permanent
|
|
| 7 |
what type of regenerative cell divides throughout their lifetime and are highly regenerative?
|
labile
|
|
| 8 |
what type of regenerative cells stop dividing when growth ceases but remain capable of regeneration?
|
stable
|
|
| 9 |
what type of regenerative cell do not replicate and are non-regenerative?
|
permanent
|
|
| 10 |
what is cellular adaptation
|
response to environmental stress|a coping mechanism that allows cells to function under adverse...
|
|
| 11 |
what are four ways that cells can adapt?
|
change in size|change in number|change in shape|apoptosis
|
|
| 12 |
what are the two types of cell death?
|
apoptosis|necrosis
|
|
| 13 |
what type of cell death is a controlled cell destuction that is mediated by lysosomes?
|
apoptosis
|
|
| 14 |
what is the function of apoptosis?
|
to remove old, dysfunctional cells
|
|
| 15 |
which type of cell death is a result of cell injury and part of a pathological process?
|
necrosis
|
|
| 16 |
what happens with reversible cell injury?
|
the cell adapts to the changes and continues to function
|
|
| 17 |
what are five external causes of cell injury?
|
physical injury|radiation|chemical|biological|nutritional imbalances
|
|
| 18 |
what are two internal mechanisms of cell injury?
|
free radicals|hypoxia
|
|
| 19 |
when are free radicals formed?
|
during metabolic reactions
|
|
| 20 |
what exactly are free radicals?
|
unpaired electrons
|
|
| 21 |
what is hypoxia?
|
reduced oxygen supply to tissues
|
|
| 22 |
hypoxia disrupts what cellular process?
|
ATP production
|
|
| 23 |
Injury interferes with cell functions in what four ways?
|
membrane permeability|energy production|protein synthesis|cell replication
|
|
| 24 |
what is the result of interference with the permeability of the membrane?
|
cell swelling leads to the inability of the neurons to maintain resting membrane potential
|
|
| 25 |
what are the two types of ATP production interference?
|
direct|indirect
|
|
| 26 |
Chemical interference which interferes with mitochondrial function is what kind of cell interference?
|
direct energy production interference
|
|
| 27 |
Interference due to mitochondrial swelling is what kind of cell interference?
|
indirect energy production interference
|
|
| 28 |
which cellular organelle is affected in protein synthesis interference?
|
ribosomes
|
|
| 29 |
what are two possible outcomes of cell replication interference?
|
overproduction|defective protein synthesis
|
|
| 30 |
which structure is the body's first line of defence?
|
epithelial membranes|skin and mucosae
|
|
| 31 |
which structures are the body's second line of defense?
|
dermis and subcutaneous
|
|
| 32 |
what is the body's third line of defense?
|
the immune system|the fight enters the bloodstream
|
|
| 33 |
which lines of defence are non-specific?
|
first (epithelial) and second (dermis)
|
|
| 34 |
which lines of defense are specific?
|
the third (immune system)
|
|
| 35 |
a non-specific response is also called this...
|
innate response
|
|
| 36 |
a specific response is also called this...
|
adaptive response
|
|
| 37 |
name three non-specific responses that occur at the cell and/or tissue level
|
blood clotting (hemostasis)|inflammation|phagocytosis
|
|
| 38 |
name two specific responses that occur at the systemic level
|
antimicrobial proteins|fever
|
|
| 39 |
what is the foremost response to injury (i.e. which response happens in all cases)?
|
inflammation
|
|
| 40 |
what is the purpose of inflammation?
|
it's a protective mechanism. It isolates, localizes and neutralizes invaders. Also inhibits...
|
|
| 41 |
what is the purpose of blood clotting?
|
prevents excessive blood loss|prevents outside things from entering the blood stream.
|
|
| 42 |
which (atomic) element is required for blood clotting?
|
calcium
|
|
| 43 |
what controls blood clotting?
|
enzymes
|
|
| 44 |
what is the name of the soluable inactive form of the blood clotting protein?
|
fibrinogen
|
|
| 45 |
what is fibrin?
|
the active insoluable form of the blood clotting protein in blood
|
|
| 46 |
what are free phagocytes?
|
circulating white blood cells. They live in blood and are on the constant look out for inflammatory...
|
|
| 47 |
what are fixed phagocytes?
|
phagocytes reside in specific organs
|
|
| 48 |
what is immunity?
|
the ability of the body to defend itself against harmful organisms and substances
|
|
| 49 |
foreign substances that elicit an immune response
|
antigens
|
|
| 50 |
what are antibodies?
|
special proteins that are produced in response to the presence of antigens
|
|
| 51 |
antigens and antibodies form what?
|
a large protein aggregate that is able to be removed by phagocytosis
|
|
| 52 |
what is a macrophage?
|
a free phagocyte that has left the blood and become enlarged
|
|
| 53 |
what are the three types of free phagocytes?
|
neutrophils|eosinophils|monocytes
|
|
| 54 |
what are the three characteristics of the immune response?
|
recognition|specificity|memory
|
|
| 55 |
what type of white blood cell has a long memory and is mobilized quickly to produce antibodies?
|
lymphocytes
|
|
| 56 |
how long does it take for the primary immune response to be effective?
|
approximately 10 days
|
|
| 57 |
When the body is exposed to an antigen for the first time how long does it take for the immune...
|
a few days
|
|
| 58 |
do Natural Killer Cells destroy cells before or after the adaptive immune system is activated?
|
before
|
|
| 59 |
how do Natural Killer Cells work?
|
they are non phagocytic and destroy cells by direct contact.
|
|
| 60 |
What do Natural Killer Cells do to the cells they come in contact with?
|
induce them to undergo apoptosis
|
No comments yet! Be the first to add a comment below!
Please login to post comments.
After login, we will forward you back to this flashcard.