Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
What is the product of fertilization?
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a zygote
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| 2 |
how long is the pre-embryonic period?
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2 weeks
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| 3 |
What is the name for period of time spanning 9 weeks of pregnancy until birth?
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the fetal period
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| 4 |
what are the 6 stages of pre-embryonic development?
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zygote|1st mitotic division|early cleavage|morula|early blastocyst|late blastocyst
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| 5 |
The first mitotic division results in the formation of how many identical cells and what is...
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two cells and they are of unequal size
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| 6 |
how many cells are there at morula formation and describe the conformation of the cells?
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16 (or more) and they form a solid ball
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| 7 |
how soon after fertilization does the morula period occur?
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72 hours
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| 8 |
what happens during the blastocyst formation?
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The morula separates into two parts
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| 9 |
what are the names of the two formations created in the early blastocyst period and what are...
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cytotrophoblast (the outer layer of cells)|embyonic disc / inner cell mass (the inner layer...
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| 10 |
what blastocyst formation will form the placenta?
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the cytotrophoblast
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| 11 |
what process or even is the end of the pre-embyonic period?
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implantation - the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall
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| 12 |
What is gastrulation?
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the formation of primary tissue layers
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| 13 |
When does gastrulation occur?
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Around week 3
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| 14 |
what germ layers form the notochord?
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the mesodermal cells
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| 15 |
what is the notochord?
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the first axial support for the embryo
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| 16 |
what are the three germ layers?
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ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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| 17 |
what is organogenesis and what period does it occur in?
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the formation of body organs and systems. It occurs during the embryonic period
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| 18 |
What tissues arise from the ectoderm?
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The epidermis and the nervous system
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| 19 |
The epithelium of the digestive and respiratory tract arise from which germ layer?
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endoderm
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| 20 |
the mesoderm produces which tissues?
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muscle and connective tissue including bone, blood and cartilage
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| 21 |
what four things are happening at the end of the embryonic period?
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the bones are beginning to ossify|skeletal muscles are well formed and contracting spontaneously|internal...
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| 22 |
what ectodermic process is initiated as a result of signals from the notochord?
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neurulation
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| 23 |
what is the name of the process which forms the nervous sytem?
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neurulation
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| 24 |
what are the five structures developed out of neurolation?
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neural plate|neural groove|neural folds|neural tube|neural crest
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| 25 |
what is described as a thickening of the ectoderm overlying the notochord?
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the neural plate
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| 26 |
what is formed by the invagination of the neural plate?
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the neural groove
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| 27 |
when bilateral ridges from along the length of the neural groove what is this called?
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the neural folds
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| 28 |
what is formed from the fusion of two neural folds?
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the neural tube
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| 29 |
what is the neural crest?
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a group of neural cells on the underside of both neural folds
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| 30 |
the neural tube gives rise to what two structures?
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The brain and the spinal cord
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| 31 |
the neural crest gives rise to which structure?
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The peripheral nerves
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| 32 |
the mesoderm divides into what three sections?
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somites|intermediate mesoderm|lateral mesoderm
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| 33 |
name the three somites
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sclerotome|dermatone|myotome
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| 34 |
the intermediate mesoderm gives rise to what two structures?
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reproductive organs and kidneys
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| 35 |
what are the two categories of the lateral mesoderm?
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somatic and splanchnic
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| 36 |
the sclerotome will form what structures?
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the vertebrae and the ribs
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| 37 |
what will form the dermis of the skin and the dorsal part of the body?
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the dermatone
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| 38 |
The myotome will form what structure(s)?
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The bulk of the skeletal muscles
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| 39 |
what part of the lateral mesoderm will form the ventral dermis of the skin, the parietal serosa...
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somatic
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| 40 |
what structures will arise from the splanchnic part of the lateral mesoderm?
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the cardiovascular system|most connective tissue structures|smooth muscle of the gut and the...
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| 41 |
what are the two general categories of soft tissue?
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contractile and non-contractile
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| 42 |
what are the properties of soft tissue (4)?
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pliabe, resistant|loss of resiliency = loss of function|susceptible to injury|lends itself...
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| 43 |
what is cytology?
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study of cells (both structure and function)
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| 44 |
what is histology?
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study of tissues
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| 45 |
what are the four basic types of body tissues?
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epithelial|connective|nerve|muscle
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| 46 |
the property of a tissue depends on what four things?
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chemical composition|types of cells|arrangement of cells|type of extracellular material
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| 47 |
describe the structure of epithelial tissue
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single or multilayers|continuous|tightly linked cells
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| 48 |
what is the function of epithelial tissue?
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forms barriers|lends tensile strength|transfer materials (absorption, excretion, secretion,...
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| 49 |
If a tissue were described as bundles of cells in a parallel arrangement that are excitable,...
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muscle
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| 50 |
describe the structure of nerve tissue
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bundles of cells with elongated projections (axons). It is an excitable tissue
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| 51 |
what is the function of nerve tissue?
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tensile strength and flexibility. The degree of which is determined by the amount and arrangement...
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| 52 |
what are the three shapes of epithelial tissue cells?
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cuboidal, squamous, columnar
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| 53 |
what are the two arrangements of epithelial tissue cells?
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simple (single layer)|stratified (multi layers)
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| 54 |
list the seven special characteristics of epithelial tissue
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highly cellular/tightly packed|specialized contacts|polarity|basement membranes|innervated|avascular|regeneration
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| 55 |
what are the two types of specialized contacts ins epithelial tissue?
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tight junctions and desmosomes
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| 56 |
what are the two basement membranes of epithelial tissue?
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basal lamina|reticular lamina
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| 57 |
what does the basal lamina do?
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it's a selective filter
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| 58 |
what does the reticular lamina do?
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resists stretching and tearing
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| 59 |
what is the 'ground substance' and where is it highly abundant?
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collagen fibres found abundantly in the extracellular fluid.
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| 60 |
what is the apical surface?
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The surface exposed to the outside, the free surface
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| 61 |
what is the basal surface?
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The surface facing internal structures
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| 62 |
what is the state of most of the cells of the epidermis?
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They are dead
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| 63 |
List the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial
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basale|spinosum|granulosum|lucidum|corneum
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| 64 |
which two layers of the epidermis contain dead cells?
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corneum and lucidum
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| 65 |
which layer of the epidermis is the most superfical layer to receive blood?
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granulosum
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| 66 |
what is unique about the basale layer of cells?
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it is regenerating
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| 67 |
what type of protein is collagen and what does it tell you about its function?
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a fibrous protein and therefore lends strength and support to the skin
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| 68 |
what is the function of elastin?
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provides stretch and flexibility
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| 69 |
what causes wrinkles or scars to form?
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Collagen replaces elastin in the skin.
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| 70 |
what is present in the dermis that makes it an active part of healing injuries?
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white blood cells
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| 71 |
what are the two layers of the dermis?
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papillary layer|reticular layer
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| 72 |
which layer of the dermis is the superficial layer?
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papillary layer
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| 73 |
which layer of the epidermis is the source of all epidermal cells?
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the basale
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| 74 |
which layer of the epidermis is attached to the dermis?
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the basale
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| 75 |
what are the two major functions of the skin?
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protective and sensory
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| 76 |
what are the four types of cells in the epidermis?
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keratinocytes|melanocytes|Langerhans|Merkel
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| 77 |
which epidermal cells are tough and protective?
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keratinocytes
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| 78 |
where are melanocytes found and what do they do?
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in the basale layer and they protect from UV radiation
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| 79 |
which cell type is found in the spinosum layer and what are their functions?
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Langerhans. They are immune cells that destroy foreign substances
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| 80 |
where do you find Merkel cells and what do they do?
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at the junction of the dermis and the epidermis - they sense light touch
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| 81 |
what are the six components of the dermis?
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blood|lymph vessels|sensory nerve endings|sweat glands|sebaceous glands|smooth muscles
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| 82 |
what do lymph vessels do?
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they drain excess interstial fluid and return it to systemic circulation
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| 83 |
what are the smooth muscles of the dermis called?
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errector pili
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| 84 |
what are the protective functions of the skin?
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first line of defense|prevents excess water from leaving or entering|protects against radiation|barrier...
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| 85 |
what are the six general functions of the skin?
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protective|temperature regulation|metabolic|blood resevoir|excretion|cutaneous sensation
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| 86 |
what are the three ways that skin regulates temperature?
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sweating, shivering, oily secretions
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| 87 |
what type of sweating occurs only at rest?
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insensible perspiration
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| 88 |
what is the metabolic function of skin?
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converts amodified form of cholesterol into a precursor of vitamin D
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| 89 |
How much of the total blood volume can the skin hold?
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5%
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| 90 |
what substances does the skin excrete?
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water|salt|nitrogenous wastes (urea, ammonia, uric acid)
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| 91 |
what does cutaneous sensation allow us to do?
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note changes in the environment
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