Flashcard Set Preview
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Gathers information, goes to integration. Monitor changes in & out of the body
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Sensory Input
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Is sensory input afferent or efferent?
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afferent
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Motor output sends information to receptors or effectors?
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effectors
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Response to inegrated stimuli. Response activates muscles or glands (effectors)
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Motor Output
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3 Effectors
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muscles, glands, organs
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Analyzes sensory input and decide if action is needed.
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Integration
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CNS contains: (name 2 )
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brain & spinal cord
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PNS
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Nerve
OUTSIDE the CNS
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Nerve fibers that carry information to the CNS (brain & spinal cord)
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sensory (afferent)
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Nerve fibers that carry information away from CNS
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Motor
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Somatic & Autonomic are apart of sensory or motor division?
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Motor
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Somatic Nervous System (name 2 things)
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- Voluntary- Skeletal
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Autonomic Nervous System (name 2 things)
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-involuntary-cardiac & fluid muscle
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2 branches of Autonomic Nervous System
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Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
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mobilizes body during extreme situations, or stress (fight or flight)
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Sympathetic
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relaxing and conserving energy, homeostasis
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Parasympathetic
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Star-shapedcontrol chemical environment of the brain (eats up excess floating around)CNSsupport...
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Astrocytes
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barrier between capillaries & neuronsCNSsupport cell
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Astrocytes
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diffuse nutrients & oxygen throughout the bodyCNS
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capillaries
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composed of 4 "support cells" maintain homeostasisform myelin support and protect neurons...
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Neuroglia
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Spider-like phagocyteseat up cellular debris in CNS support cell
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Microglia
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support cellepithelial membrane lines the ventricular system of the brain and the...
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Ependymal Cells
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produces CSFconsists of modified ependymal cellsknots tufts of capillariesin epithalamus
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Choroid Plexus
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coat axons in the CNSproduce myelin sheath (fat) around nerve fibers
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Oligodendrocytes
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All
nerve fibers surrounded by fat _______
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transport nerve impulse faster
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| 26 |
Form
myelin sheath (fat)clears debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neurons
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Schwann Cells
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Specialized rough ER site of protein synthesis
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Nissl Substance
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Cytoskeleton maintains cell shape
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Neurofibrils
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compact cluster of neurons
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Nucleus
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Neuron Anatomy (name 4 attributes)
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-Nissl Substance-Neurofibrils-nucleus-large nucleolus
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impulses toward the cell body
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Dendrites
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impulses away from the cell body
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Axons
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-has vesicles with neurotransmitters to send impulses from one neuron to the next -where...
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axon terminals
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-gap where neurons signal to each other
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synapse
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The minute gap between presynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell in a chemical synapse, across...
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Synaptic Cleft
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gaps in myelin sheath along the axon (schwann cells) -points for generating a signal....
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Nodes of Ranvier
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clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the CNS
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nuclei
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collections of cell bodies outside the CNS
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ganglia
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What neurons have many extensions from the cell body?
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Multipolar Neurons
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Which neuron has one axon and one dendrite?
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Bipolar Neurons
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Which neuron has a short single process leaving the body?
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Unipolar neurons
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When a neuron is able to respond to stimuli, this is called ___________
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irritability
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When a neuron is able to transmit an impulse, this is called _________
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conductivity
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a change in the neurons polarity at a specific site
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depolarization
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neurons polarity is restored and goes back to resting
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repolarization
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rapid, predictable, involuntary response to stimuli
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reflex
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- direct route from a 1. sensory neuron2. interneuron 3. effector -neural pathway-synapse at...
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reflex arc
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Reflex Arc Route (7) (RASIEME)
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- Receptor - Afferent - Sensory - Integration- Efferent - Motor - Effector
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4 Regions of the brain
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-Cerebral hemispheres-Diencephalon -Brain Stem -Cerebellum
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-paired
(left & right) superior parts of brain-Surface
made of ridges (gyri) &...
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Cerebrum
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ridges:
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gyri
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grooves:
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sulci
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4 lobes of the Cerebrum:
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Parietal
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
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Somatosensory region of the brain (name a lobe)
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Parietal
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primary motor area, sends impulses to skeletal muscles (name a lobe)
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Frontal
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Visual Lobe
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Occipital
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Auditory Lobe
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Temporal
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| 58 |
receives impulses from the body's sensory receptors
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Somatic Sensory Area
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sends impulses to the skeletal muscles
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Primary motor area
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| 60 |
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ability to speak , if damaged, person can comprehend and aware of surroundings
but cant...
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Broca's Area
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if destroyed, person can make noises but words don’t make sense
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Speech Area
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Cerebral Areas involved with special senses(GAVO)
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Gustatory Area (taste)Auditory AreaVisual Area Olfactory Area
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Connects left and right hemispheres
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Corpus Callosum
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All parts of
brain contain CSF except
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corpus callosum
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-
Sits
on top of brain stem -has 3 parts
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Diencephalon
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3 parts of Diencephalon
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ThalamusHypothalamusEpithalamus
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Thalamus associated with ______
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emotions
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Floor of the diencephalon Under the thalamus
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Hypothalamus
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-regulates body temperature- controls water balance-regulates metabolism - important part of...
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hypothalamus
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-the roof -includes choroid plexus-forms CSF
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Epithalamus
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3 parts of the brain stem
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-Midbrain -Pons-Medulla Oblongata
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-Has two bulging fiber tracts- cerebral peduncles -reflex centers for vision and hearing
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Midbrain
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controls breathing
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Pons
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· lowest
part of brain stem · merges
to spinal cord
· heart
rate...
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Medulla Oblongata
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Plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness
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Reticular Formation
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Smooth
coordinated movements
Equilibrium... |
Cerebellum
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Protects CNS (name 2 and what they protect)
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skull-brain vertebral column-spinal cord
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| 78 |
double layered external covering
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dura mater
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dura mater's 2 parts
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Periosteum Meningeal layer
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attached to surface of the skull
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periosteum
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outer covering of the brain
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meningeal layer
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3 layers of meninges: (DAP)
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Dura Mater (2 layers)Arachnoid Layer (web like)Pia Mater (delicate)
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formed by choroid plexus in the epithalamus
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CSF
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-prevents passage of some substances such as certain drugs, from entering brain
tissue, while... |
Blood brain barrier
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3 parts of peripheal nerve
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endoneurium perineuriumepineurium
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| 86 |
4 cranial nerves: (out of the 12 cranial nerves)
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trigeminal abducensfacial accessory
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sensory for the facemotor fibers to chewing muscles
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trigeminal nerve
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motor fibers to eye muscles lateral movement of eyes
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Abducens
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| 89 |
sensory for taste motor fibers to the face
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Facial nerve
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motor fibers to neck and upper back
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Accessory Nerve
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| 91 |
_______nerves are named for the region from which they arise
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Spinal
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-involuntary branch of nervous system-cardiac and fluid muscle -divided into 2 divisions (PS)...
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Autonomic Nervous System -Parasympathetic & Sympathetic
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Difference between autonomic & somatic nervous system in regards to neurotransmitters:...
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Somatic- always use acetylcholine onlyAutonomic- use acetylcholine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine
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white tissue layer, “white of your eye”
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Sclera
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t-ransparent, allows light to pass
through, repairs easy-avascular (no blood)-can be transferred
to...
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Cornea
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lines the eyelid
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conjunctiva
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4 parts of lacrimal appartus
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lacrimal glandlacrimal canalslacrimal sacnasolacrimal duct
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produces lacrimal fluid
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lacrimal gland
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drains lacrimal fluid from eyes
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lacrimal canals
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provides fluid passage of lacrimal toward nasal cavity
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lacrimal sac
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empties lacrimal fluid into nasal cavity
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nasolacrimal duct
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Middle layer of eye
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Choroid
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-Inside layer of eye-also called sensory tunic
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Retina
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-rim of eyelid-sebacious glands-produce oily secretion to lubricate the eye
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Tarsal gland
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2 parts of retina
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Rods & Cones
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| 106 |
-edge of retina -allow dim light vision & peripheral vision -perception is all in gray...
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Rods
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-allows detailed colored vision -dense in the center of retina -fovea centralis (area of retina...
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Cones
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3 colors of cones
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RedBlue Green
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| 109 |
No ______receptor cells are at the optic disk, or blind spot
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Photo
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-attached to ciliary body
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Lens
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| 111 |
2 eye chamber fluids
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Aqueous humor & vitreous humor
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-watery -found between lens and cornea
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Aqueous Humor
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-gel like-found behind lens
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Vitreous Humor
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collects aqueous humor and delivers it into the bloodstream
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Canal of Schlemm
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3 parts of the ear
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outer (external)middle (tympanic) inner (bony labyrinth)
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| 116 |
bones of tympanic cavity (middle ear)
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-malleus (hammer) - incus (anvil) - stapes (stirrup)
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-involved in hearing only -wax glands present -ends at middle ear (tympanic)
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-outer (external) ear
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-only involved with hearing-has auditory tube connecting it to the throat- equalizes pressure...
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-Tympanic Cavity (middle ear)
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| 119 |
-involved with hearing & balance- a maze of bony chambers within temporal bone
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Bony Labyrinth (inner ear)
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3 parts of the labyrinth
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cochlea: vestibule semicircular canals
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-dedicating to hearing- converting sound pressure impulses from the outer ear into electrical...
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cochlea
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Interconnecting the cochlea and the
semicircular canals-maintain balance
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vestibule
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-rear part of the ear-helps maintain balance
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Semicircular canals
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-mechanical receptor -receptors to fluid vibrations in the cochlea -sends impulse to auditory...
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Organ of Corti
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receptors in the vestibule
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maculae
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| 126 |
-includes maculae ( receptors in vestibule)
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Static equilibrium
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-includes crista ampullaris (receptors in semicircular canals)
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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-has otoliths that float in a gel around the hair cells -movement causes otoliths to bend hair...
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Maculae
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-gelatinous cap that covers hair cells - "umbrella"
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Cupula
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Taste and Smell are ___________ senses
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chemical
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| 131 |
The sense of smell is known as
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olfaction
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Chemicals dissolve in mucus for detection
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Olfactory Receptors
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Chemicals dissolve in saliva for detection
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Gustatory (taste)
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| 134 |
3 cranial nerves that send impulses to gustatory complex
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facial nerve (7th nerve)glossopharyngeal nerve (9th)Vagus nerve (10th)
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| 135 |
sugars, saccharine, & amino acids
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Sweet Receptors
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Acids
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Sour receptors
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| 137 |
5 Taste Sensations (receptors)
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sweet sourbittersaltyumami
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