NCE STUDY CARDS

Kohlberg - Social and moral development

Defense Mechanisms

Sigmund Freud Unconscious/Conscious/Preconscious;Psychosexual Stages – oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital;Id/Ego/Superego;Defense Mechanisms

Alfred Adler Individual Psychology“Father of the Inferiority Complex”Birth order is significantEarly recollections = key to understanding an individual’s style of lifeFictions = perceptions that guide child’s behaviorsPampered or neglected? = negative effect later in lifeNeed to take risks without knowing the outcome

Heinz HartmannLogical and abstract mode of thoughtEgo Psychology – Ego is present at birth and doesn’t evolve from the IdEgo functioning (not id impulses) are his theoretical focusInstinctual drives alone cannot guarantee survival – ego adapts to an average expectable environment

Erik EriksonEgo Identity – balance of what “one feels one is and what others take one to be”Ego works toward being autonomous and uniqueWe are not prisoners of our past“Identity Crisis” – happens when an adolescent is unable to integrate all previous roles into a single self-conceptEpigenetic Principle – each strength has its own period of particular importanceMaturation theory – developmental order or unfolding of behavior is hereditaryIndividuals must face and resolve a particular task, crisis or conflict at each level; psycho-social crisis results in a turning pointTotal success or failure is not necessary; an individual will have a tendency toward one alternative or the other8 Psychosocial Stages

Erikson's stages

Median• the center value• the formula is (N+1)/ 2ex: 6 people with ages 21, 22, 24, 23, 19, 21line them up in order form lowest to highest19, 21, 21, 22, 23, 24and take the center value - mode =21.5

Variance• a measure of how spread out a distribution is• it is computed as the average squared deviation of each number from its mean

DIFFERENCES OF GROUPSChi Square• compares observed frequencies to expected frequenciesex: Is the distribution of sex and voting behavior due to chance or is there a differencebetween the sexes on voting behavior?t-Test• looks at differences between two groups on some variable of interest• the IV must have only two groups (male/female, undergrad/grad)ex: Do males and females differ in the amount of hours they spend shopping in a givenmonth?ANOVA• tests the significance of group differences between two or more groups• the IV has two or more categories• only determines that there is a difference between groups, but doesn’t tell which isdifferentex: Do SAT scores differ for low-, middle-, and high-income students?ANCOVA• same as ANOVA, but adds control of one or more covariates that may influence the DVex: Do SAT scores differ for low-, middle-, and high-income students after controlling forsingle/dual parenting?MANOVA• same as ANOVA, but you can study two or more related DVs while controlling for thecorrelation between the DV• if the DVs are not correlated, then separate ANOVAs are appropriateex: Does ethnicity affect reading achievement, math achievement, and overall scholasticachievement among 6th graders?MANCOVA• same as MANOVA, but adds control of one or more covariates that may influence theDVex: Does ethnicity affect reading achievement, math achievement, and overall scholasticachievement among 6th graders after controlling for social class?

PARAMETRIC TESTSParametric tests are based on assumptions about the distribution of the underlying population from which the sample was taken. The most common parametric assumption is that data are approximately normally distributed.