Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
Deformation:
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Refers to all changes of a rock body.
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Where does most deformation take place?
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Plate boundaries.
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Stress:
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The force that produces deformation, i.e. compression, tension, etc
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Strain:
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The RESULT of stress: folds, faults, etc.
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Types of stress:
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Compression, tension, & shear.
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Compression:
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--><-- Rocks pushed into each other. Found at CONVERGENT boundaries.
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Tension:
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<-- --> Rocks pulled apart. Found at DIVERGENT boundaries.
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Shear:
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Either one or both rocks slide past each other. No direct contact, found at TRANSFORM boundaries.
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What type of fault is the San Andreas?
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Transform, Right-lateral.
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What happens when a fault is parallel to stress?
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No mountains appear. (no significant uplift)
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What happens when a fault "bends" along stress, i.e. is not parallel?
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Mountains and valleys can appear. (significant uplift)
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Elastic deformation:
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Once stress is removed, rock returns to original position. Like playing with an elastic rubber...
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What can happen when a rock's elastic limit is reached, i.e. its been stretched too much?
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One of two things: Flow - rock stretches permanently. Fracture - Rock breaks.
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Flow is ___ deformation.
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Ductile (flowing)
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Fracture is ____ deformation.
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Brittle (breakage)
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4 Factors that influence deformation:
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Temperature, time, pressure, rock type.
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| 17 |
How can warm/cold temp affect deformation?
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Warm: Ductile, causes deep rocksCold: Brittle, surface rocks
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| 18 |
How does time affect deformation?
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Quick: BrittleSlow: Ductile
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| 19 |
How does rock type affect deformation?
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Shale & Marble: DuctileGranite & Gneiss: Brittle
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| 20 |
Fold is an example of what?
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Ductile deformation.
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| 21 |
Faults are an example of what?
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Brittle deformation. (breakage has occured)
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| 22 |
Arch and trough like features are caused by:
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Folds (compressional features)
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Anticline:
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Arches.
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Syncline:
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Troughs. U
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| 25 |
Fracture are a result of...
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Brittle deformation (breakage)
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| 26 |
Two major types of faults:
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Dip-slip & Strike-slip.
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Dip-slip faults are a result of what two types of stress?
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Tensional and Compressional (pushing and pulling)
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2 Parts of a dip-slip fault :
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Hanging wall and footwall.
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| 29 |
Dip-slip movement is parallel to what?
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the inclination of fault surface.
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| 30 |
2 Dip-slip faults:
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NormalReverse & Thrust
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Normal faults = what kind of stress?
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Tensional <-- ---> Normal = pulling
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| 32 |
Result of normal fault activity:
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Lengthening of crust.
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| 33 |
Hanging wall moves down in what fault type?
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Normal.
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| 34 |
Reverse thrust result of what type of stress?
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Compressional. --> <--Reverse = pushing.
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| 35 |
Hanging wall moves UP in what fault type?
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REVERSE.
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| 36 |
Reverse faults have inclination greater than....
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45 degrees.
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Thrust faults are ____ 45 degress.
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Less than.
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| 38 |
Not dip-slip, but....
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Strike-slip.
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| 39 |
Strike slip involves what type of stress?
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Shear.
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| 40 |
Three ways stress can be shear...
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Left-lateral, right-lateral, and transform.
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| 41 |
When facing a fault, right-lateral means...
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Crustal block on opposite side of fault is moving right, and vice versa for left-lateral.
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| 42 |
Transform fault
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Motion between two plates. San Andreas is an example.
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