Microbiology test 2 chp. 5-7

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micro chapters 5-7

Created Jul 7, 2012
by bruinaller1910

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	Side A	Side B
1	The sum of all the chemical processes carried out by living organisms	metabolism
2	reactions that release energy by breaking complex , molecules into simpler ones that...	catabolism
3	taking simple molecules together to make compound molecules	anabolism
4	the loss or removal of electrons	oxidation
5	gain of electrons	reduction
6	a reducing agent is also known as	an electron donor
7	an oxidizing agent is also known as	electron receptor
8	self feeding; use carbon dioxide to synthesize organic molecules	autotrophy
9	other feeding; get their carbon from ready-made organic molecules which they obtain from other...	heterotrophy
10	get their energy from light	photoheterotrophs (plants) in autotroph
11	get their energy by oxidizing simple inorganic molecules such as sulfides and nitrites	chemoautotrophs (bacteria) in autotrophs
12	a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction serves as the substrate for...	metabolic pathway
13	capture energy in a form cells can use	catabolic pathway
14	makes the complex molecules that form the structure of cells, enzymes, and other molecules...	anabolic pathway
15	the energy required to start an enzyme-controlled reaction	activation energy
16	a certain area on the surface of an enzyme where binding takes place	active site
17	the item upon which an enzyme acts	substrate
18	lower activation energy	enzymes
19	do use oxygen (more efficient)	aerobes
20	organisms that do not use oxygen	anaerobes
21	server tissue damage (gangrene)	Butyric-butylic fermentation
22	wine production	alcohol fermentation
23	produces cheese like products	homolactic acid fermentation
24	a way pyruvic acid is metabolized in the absence of oxygen	fermentation
25	metabolic pathway used by most autotrophs and heterotrophsb(sugar spliting)	glycolysis
26	when a non-subtrate molecule binds at a site other than the active site, and causing the active...	non-competitive inhibitors
27	a non-subtrate molecule that competes with the subtrate for the active site on an enzyme	competitive inhibitor
28	usually an inorganic ion, such as magnesium, zinc,, or maganese (minerals)	cofactor
29	a nonprotein organic molecule bound to or loosely associated with an enzyme (vitamins)	coenzyme
30	synthesized in a cell but crosses the cell membrane to act in the periplasmic space or in the...	exoenzymes
31	act within the cell that produces them	endoenzyme
32	refers to an enzymes ability to catalyze only one type of reactions, and act on only one substrate	specificity
33	three names by which the aerobic respiration is known	originally pyruvic acid cyclekrebs cycletricarboxylic acid cycle citric acid cycle
34	the process leading to the transfer of electrons from the substrate to oxygen	electron transport chain
35	how many ATP are formed in the electron transport chain	30 ATP
36	respiration that does not have free oxygen as the final electron	anaerobic respiration
37	the capture of energy from light and the use of this energy to manufracture carbohydrates from...	photosynthesis
38	small group of bacteria that can use energy from light but require organic substances such...	photoheterotrophy
39	bacteria, which are unable to carry out photosynthesis, but can oxidize inorganic sustances...	chemo autotrophy
40	most bacteria move by means of flagella, but some move by gliding or creping or in a corkscrew...	bacterial movement
41	the ability of an organism to emit light; appears to have envolved as a byproduct of aerobic...	bioluminescence
42	many light emmitting organisms have the _____along with other components of the electron transport...	enzyme luciferase (light bringer)
43	original cell, doubled in size before divided	mother cell
44	the name for the two cells after the mother cell divided	daughter cells
45	not cell size but the increase in the number of cells, which occurs by cell division	microbial growth
46	when a cell duplicates its components into 2 cells. The daughter cells become independent when...	binary fission
47	in ____________ the DNA synthesis is continuous and replicated the single bacterial chromosomes...	prokaryotic cells
48	cuboidal groups with four cocci	tetrads
49	groups of eight cocci in a cuboidal packet	sarcinae
50	some Bacilli always form __________ or __________	chains or filaments
51	_______ form chains when grown on artificial media but exist as single or paired cells when...	streptococci
52	when a small new cell develops from the surface of an existing cell and subsequently separates...	budding
53	the four phases of growth	1. lag phase2. log phase3. the stationary phase4. the decline or death phase
54	the 4 phases of growth are known as the??_____	standard bacterial growth curve
55	the organism does not increase significantly in number, they are metabolic active. individuals...	lag phase
56	the organisms divide at their most rapid rate--generation time the population doubles	log phase
57	cell division decreases, new cells are produced at the rate of old cells, the number remains...	stationary phase
58	the number of live cells decreases at a logarithmic rate many cells undergo involution, meaning...	decline or death phase
59	cell divided exponentially with all the descendants of the original cell	colony
60	all phases of growth curve occur simultaneously in a colony. that is growth is_______________	nonsynchronous
61	a method of measurement in which successive 1:10 dilutions are made from an original...	serial dilution
62	made by first adding 0.1ml of a diluted culture to 9ml of melted nutrient agar	pour plate
63	keeps all the cells on the surface of the agar plate, making identification of individual colonies...	spread plate method
64	a number of colonies usually between 30 and 300 on a plate that can be counted with relative...	countable number
65	where actual numbers of a bacteria are counted using specially designed slides (put on a slide)	direct microscopic count
66	a statistical method of measuring growth, used when samples contain too few organisms to give...	most probable number
67	method of estimating bacterial numbers where a known volume of air or water is drawn...	Filtration
68	(cloudy appearance) in a culture indicates the presence or organisms; estimates can be made...	turbidity
69	protons of hydrogen	pH
70	acid loving organisms or environment	aicidophiles
71	like neutral acid environments, human disease causing	neutrophiles
72	alkaline or base loving organisms, way above 7 (ex: vibro chloraea)	alkaliphiles
73	most species of bacteria can grow over a ____ range	30 degree temp
74	cold loving organisms	psychrophiles
75	includes most bacteria groan between 25 and 40, most human pathogens grow best near normal...	mesophiles
76	heat loving organisms	thermophiles
77	means that the organisms must have the specified environmental conditions	obligate
78	means the organism is able to adjust to and tolerate the environmental condition but can also...	faculative
79	cannot grow above 20 degrees	obligate psychronphiles
80	grow best below 20 degrees, but can also grow at higher temps	facultative psychronphiles
81	grown only at temps above 37 degrees	obligate thermophiles
82	can grow above and below 37 degrees	faculttative thermophiles
83	lowest temp at which cells can divide	minimum growth temp
84	highest temp at which cells can divide	maximum growth temp
85	the temp at which cell divide most rapidly, the shortest generation time	optimum growth temp
86	must have free oxygen for aerobic respiration (humans)	obligate aerobes
87	are killed by free oxygen	obligate anerobes
88	grow best in the presence of a small amount of free oxygen	microaerophiles
89	carbon dioxide loving organisms or environment carbon dioxide increasedoxygen decreased	capnophiles
90	carry on aerobic respiration when oxygen is present, but they shift over to anerobic metabolism...	Facultative aerobes
91	survive in the presence of oxygen but dont use it in metabolism	aerotoleramt anerobes
92	the pressure exerted by standing water in proportion to its depth	hydrostic pressure
93	bacteria that live in high pressure, but die in a normal atmosphere	barophiles
94	cell shrinking	plasmolysis
95	plasmoxysis	cell enlargement
96	bacteria that have a special diet or nutritional needs	fastidious
97	Nutrient Sources	Carbon SourcesNitrogen SourcesSulfur and Phosphorus Trace elements ( copper, zinc, iron,...
98	number of nutrients a bacteria must obtain to grow, determined by the number and kind of enzymes	Nutritional complexity
99	usually produced by gram -positive rods	extracelluar enzymes
100	usually produced by gram-negative organisms	periplasmic enzymes
101	the formation of endospores, when nutrients become limiting, a highly resistant endospore forms...	sporulation
102	living part of the endospore	core
103	spherical, thick-walled cells, that resemble endospores	cysts
104	a culture that contains only single species of organism	pure culture
105	bacteria are spread over the surface of an agar plate	streak plate
106	series of dilutions, a sample of bacteria is induced media in a tube of melted agar and the...	pour plate
107	a medium prepared in the lab from the materials of precise and reasonably well-defined composition	synthetic media
108	a media that contains known specific kinds and amounts of chemical substances	defined synthetic medium
109	(chemically non-defined medium)- one that contains reasonably familiar materials...	complex medium
110	a preserved culture that maintains the organisms with the characteristics as originally defined	reference culture
111	a culture in which organisms are maintained in a dormant state	preserved culture
112	minimize the chances that culture will be contaminated by organisms from the environment or...	aseptic techniques
113	a way of maintaining a pure culture, after it has been isolated	stock culture
114	contains special nutrients that allow growth of a particular organism that might not be present...	enrichment media
115	has a constituent that causes an observable change (color or pH) when a particular biochemial...	differential media
116	one that encourages the growth of some organisms but suppress the growth of others	selective media
117	a product of enzyme digestion protein	peptone
118	the liquid part of the blood after clotting factors have been removed	serum
119	made from heated blood, it just looks like chocolate	chocolate agar