Flashcard Set Preview
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susceptibility
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lack of resistance to a disease
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immuntiy
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ability to ward off a disease
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innate immunity
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defense against any pathogen
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adaptive immunity
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immunity resistance to a specific pathogen
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physical host defense factors of skin
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epidermis (tightly packed cells with kerotine - protective protein)
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physical host defense factors of mucous membrane
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ciliary escalator; microbes trapped in mucous transported away from lungs
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physical host defense factors of lacrimal apparatus
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washes eye
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physical host defense factors of saliva, urine, vaginal secretions
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washes microbes off
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host chemical defense factors of fungistatic
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fatty acid in sebum
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host chemical defense factors of lysozyme
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antibacterial enzyme in: sweat, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids
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host chemical defense factors of gastric juice and skin
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it has a low pH
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host chemical defense factors of transferrins
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bind to iron that impedes bacterial survival
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host chemical defense factors of normal micorbiota
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compete with pathogens
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differential white cell count
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percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of 100 WBC's
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leukocytes
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WBC: neutophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, monocytes, lymphocytes
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neutrophils
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phagocytes
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basophils
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produce histamines
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eosinophils
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toxic to paracites also responsible for allergies
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dendritic cells
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initiates adaptive immune response
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monocytes
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phagocytic as a mature macrophage
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lymphocytes
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involved in specific immunity
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Inflammation
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redness pain heat swelling (edema)
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Acute phase proteins are activated
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proteins like complement (pokes holes), cytokines and kinins which attract WBC's
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vasodilation
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histamine causes blood vessels to dialate leaking WBC making redness and swelling
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When fever present
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G- endotoxin causes phagocytes to release IL-1, hypothalamus releases prostaglandins to reset...
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fever advantages
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too warm for some pathogens, innactivates some toxins, enhances immune responsemakes you feel...
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disadvantages to fever
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tachycardia, acidosis, dehydration
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The compliment system
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serum proteins activated in a cascade
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opsonization or immune adherence
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cell coated with proteins cause enhanced phagocytosis (adds handles)
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membrane attack complex forms
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cytolysis (process of making the hole) of bacterial cells
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compliment proteins attract
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phagocytes
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Alpha & Beta IFNs (interferons) cause
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cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication
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Innate immunity defense against
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any pathogen
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adaptive immunity is
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specific antibody and lymphocytes to an antigen developed over a lifetime
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lymphatic system returns
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tissue fluid to cirrculation which is the "home" for the immune system
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Antigen is
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a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies (for in fluid) or sensitized...
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Antibody is
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protiens made in response to an antigen, can combine with the Ag
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Compliment
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serum proteins that bind to Ab in an Ag-Ab reaction; causes cell lysis
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hummoral immuntiy involves
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antibodies (produced by B cells) that attack microbes in body fluids
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B cells recognizes Ag by
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Ab on their surfaces (*only B cells make Ab)
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Cell-mediated immunity involves
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T cell that attack microbes within body cells: kills the entire infected host cell
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serology
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the study of reactions between Ab and Ag
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globulins
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serum(blood) protein
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immunoglobulins
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aka Ab
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IgG Ab
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most common, enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses
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IgM Ab
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agglutinates microbes, 1st Ab produced in response to an infection
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IgA Ab
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mucosal protection
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IgD Ab
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innate immune response
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IgE Ab
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allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms
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Ag presenting cells
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macrophage pathogen, places it on surface (bound by MHC - "self" marker protein) and presents...
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Humoral response
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activation of B cells
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antibody diversity
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countless random variations of Ab
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clonal selection
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Ag binds to one of the countless random variations of Ab
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clonal expansion
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causes a specific B cell to multiply
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plasma cells is an Ab that secrets
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B clones to fight current infection
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memory cells are
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B clones stored in lymph tissue for future infections
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T-independant Ag
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do NOT require a T helper cell to activate B cells, polysaccharide weak response
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T-dependant Ag
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DO require T helper cells to activate B cells, protein strong response
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Result of Ag-Ab binding - neutralization of toxin
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prevents binding to cell receptors, encourages phagocytosis
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Result of Ag-Ab binding - opsonization (coating) of bacteria
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prevents binding to tissues, encourages phagocytosis
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Result of Ag-Ab binding - agglutination / immune complex formation
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IgM clumps bacteria, prevents spread, encourages phagocytosis
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T-helper cells are activated to reproduce when
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presented Ag, also activated TH memory cells, activates B-cells
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cytotoxic T cells activated to produce when
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presented antigen by a microphage
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natural killer
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cells destroy other cells
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cytokines
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a way for immune system cells to communicate
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immunologic memory
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B and T memory cells stored in lymph tissues
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naturally acquired ACTIVE immunity
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resulting from infection
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naturally acquired PASSIVE immunity
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transplacental or via colostrum
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artificially acquired ACTIVE immunity
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injection of antigens (vaccination)
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artificially acquired PASSIVE immuntiy
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injection of antibodies
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vaccine
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substance containing Ag
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inactivated whole agent
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killed organisms
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attenuated whole agent
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live, weakend microbes - most closely mimics actual infection
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subunit
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contains antigenic fragments
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recombinant
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Ag produced by engineered bacteria
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subunit recombinant vaccines safest
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no whole microbes
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conjugated vaccine
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stronger immune response to polysaccharide Ag in children
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toxoid
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inactive form of toxin
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monoclonal antibodies (MABS)
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single type of purified Ab, mass produced, fused WBC/cancer cells, used to detect almost any...
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serology
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immunocological testing
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direct test
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uses Ab to detect Ag in patients sample
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indirect test
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uses Ag to detect Ab in patients serum
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precipitation reaction
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involve soluble Ag with Ab. agglutinated complex visible precipitates in a + test
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agglutination reaction
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invole participate Ag and Ab (blood type testing)
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if Ab titer increases
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body is fighting an infection
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Ab titer
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concentration of Ab
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viral hemagglutination
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involvees agglutination of RBC
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viral hemagglutination inhibtion
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Ab bind to virus preventing hemagglutination, reveals presence of Ab
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tagged antibody assay
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detects low concentration of Ag/Ab using tag
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flourescent Ab techniques
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attach flourescent dye to Ab, specific Ag "glow" under UV light
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ELISA
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enzymethat causes media to change color attached to Ab, color change = positive test
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