Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
Chemical Reactions inside cells
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metabolism
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metabolic breakdown of molecules (energy yielding)
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Catabolism
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biosynthesis of molecules (energy consuming)
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Anabolism
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| 4 |
Draw Metabolic Cycle.
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.
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Redox Reactions: Oxidized = energy _____ Reduced...
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releasedrequiredoxidizerreducer
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ATP is _____ energy
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metabolic
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| 7 |
NADH/FADH2 are ______
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electron donors
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| 8 |
energy from light
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photoautotrophs
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| 9 |
reduce simple chemical compounds
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chemoautotroph
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consumer organic compounds; carbs, lipids, proteins
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heterotrophs
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| 11 |
are often insoluble; broken down by enzymes
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Polymers
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| 12 |
most common; glucose-> 2 pyruvate
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Glycolysis
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(bacteria in soil) replaces 1st phase of glycolysis
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Entner- Dourdoff Pathway
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| 14 |
generate ribose for biosynthesis of DNA, RNA, NADPH
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Pentose Phosphate Pathway
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| 15 |
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)- central aspect of metabolism
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Krebs Cycle
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| 16 |
enzymatic reaction directly to ATP; end of glycolysis
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Substrate Level Phosphoralation
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| 17 |
uses electron transport chain
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Respiration
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| 18 |
flow from negative potential to positive potential
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Electron Transport Chain
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"chemiosmosis"; electron transport pumps; membrane potential
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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| 20 |
used to imply anaerobic metabolism; forms lactic acid
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Fermentation
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| 21 |
energy used for movement
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motility
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| 22 |
ATP used to accomplish active transport
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membrane transport
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| 23 |
synthesis of necessary cell components; anabolism
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Biosynthesis
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| 24 |
DNA is blueprint; amino acid chain (monomers)
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Protein Biosynthesis
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| 25 |
3 Steps of Transcription
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InitiationElongationTermination
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| 26 |
requires promoter, RNA polymerase, sigma factor
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Transcription
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| 27 |
starts transcription; 2 sequences in a row
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Promoter
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| 28 |
synthesizes RNA
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RNA polymerase
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| 29 |
needed for promoter recognition
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Sigma Factor
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| 30 |
RNA polymerase + sigma factor; binds to promoter
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RNA holoenzyme
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| 31 |
DNA is unwound in transcription
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Initiation
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| 32 |
In transcription sigma factor falls off; mRNA synthesized Occurs in 5'->3' direction
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Elongation
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| 33 |
stem-loop forms;RNA poly falls off
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Rho independent
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| 34 |
involves protein rho factor;helicase unwinds RNA-DNA complex
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Rho dependent
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| 35 |
mRNA is "read";3 bases = 1 codon1 codon = 1 amino acid
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Translation
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| 36 |
amino acid chains;end of translation
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Protein
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| 37 |
in Translation the ribosome binds mRNA;Shine-Dalgarno
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Initiation
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| 38 |
in translation there are 3 binding sites (E, P, A) in what step?
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Elongation
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| 39 |
empty tRNA exit ribosome
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E-Site
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| 40 |
contains tRNA with growing peptide chain
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P-Site
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| 41 |
contains incoming tRNA (aminoacyl)
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A-Site
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| 42 |
moves growing chain; between P and A
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transpeptidation
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tRNA exits E-Site;tRNA/chain move A to P;new tRNA in A-Site
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Translocation
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| 44 |
what step in translation when it stops at nonsense codon; ribosome dissociate with mRNA; aid...
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Termination
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| 45 |
protein + lipids after synthesis
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Lipoproteins
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| 46 |
protein + sugars after synthesis
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Glycoproteins
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| 47 |
on/off because environment regulate metabolism
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Regulatory Proteins
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| 48 |
where regulatory proteins bind'; upstream of genes
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Regulatory Regions
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| 49 |
2 or more genes transcribed from single promoter
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Operon
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| 50 |
level of DNA; most control
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Transcriptional Control
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(E. coli) if 2 present, will use 1 before the other
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Diavxic Growth
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| 52 |
promotes transcription; activator protein
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positive control
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| 53 |
inhibits transcription; repressor protein
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Negative Control
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| 54 |
folding of DNA; trp operon
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Attenuation
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