Microbiology Chapter 7

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Nutrients:
Chemical substance used by organisms for metabolism and growth
Essential nutrients:
Cannot be made by organism, must be supplied in diet
Macronutrients:
Required in large amounts
Micronutrients or trace elements:
•required in much smaller amounts, important in enzyme activity
Growth Requirements (10):
•Carbon & Energy •Nitrogen •Oxygen •Hydrogen •Phosphorus •Sulfur •Trace elements & Growth factors •Temperature •pH •Water (osmotic & hydrostatic pressures)
Sources of carbon Autotrophs:
Use inorganic source of carbon (CO2)
–Sources of carbonHeterotrophs :
Use organic source of carbon (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are obtained from other organisms)
Sources of energy Chemotrophs:
Acquire energy from aerobic respiration and fermentation
–Sources of energyPhototrophs:
Acquire energy from light
Nitrogen fixation :
Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to a form usable by other organisms.
•Nitrogen is needed to .....
Make proteins and nucleotides.
Obligate aerobes-
Require oxygen
Obligate anaerobes-
Oxygen is toxic, kills organism
Facultative anaerobes-
Use both aerobic and anaerobic pathways depending on oxygen availability
Aerotolerant anaerobes-tolerate
Oxygen, but use anaerobic pathways for metabolism