Flashcard Set Preview
| Side A | Side B | ||
| 1 |
Definition of surgery
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art & science of tx disease, injury, deformities by operation, instrumentation
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| 2 |
6 class of surgery
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diagnostic, curative, palliative, prevention, exploration, cosmetic.
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| 3 |
Pre-op Review of Cardiac system
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Pre-exist. heart disease, pulses, auscultation, edema.
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| 4 |
Pre-op review of respiratory system
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Smoking, interval since last cigarette, URI, allergies, physical exam.
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| 5 |
Pre-op review of nervous system
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response to questions, follows commands, hx of stroke, TIA, spinal cord injury, nervous system...
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| 6 |
Pre-op review of urinary system
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HX of renal disease (baseline BUN, creat.), BPH, other urinary disease.
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| 7 |
pre-op review of liver
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assess for jaundice, ETOH abuse, hx of hepatitis, cirrhosis
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| 8 |
Pre-op Review of integumentary system
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Document location of bruises, abrasions, scars; skin/mucosa dryness; presence of rash may indicate...
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| 9 |
pre-op review of muscoloskeletal system
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Weakness (TIA, stroke), decreased ROM, pain on movement, DOCUMENT baseline.
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| 10 |
Pre-op review of endocrine system
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HX of DM, thyroid function, Addisons's adrenal insufficiency
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| 11 |
Pre-op medication history
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D/C aspirin/NSAIDS 1-2 wks prior;
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| 12 |
How does st. john's wort affect surgery?
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prolongs anesthesia, affect cardiac drug actions.
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| 13 |
What common drug contains aspiring?
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Alka Seltzer
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| 14 |
What nutritional info needs to be obtained prior to surgery?
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ht, wt (ACP), swings in wt, obesity, dental (dentures, bridge work, caps, loose teeth).
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| 15 |
Psychological assessment contains:?
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Situational changes, concerns with unknown, concerns with body image, past experiences, knowledge...
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| 16 |
When is informed consent valid?
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Adequate disclosure; sufficient comprehension; voluntary consent; PHYSICAIN must obtain OR...
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| 17 |
Consent for emergency surgery
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signature of next of kin waived, note is written documenting necessity of procedure
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| 18 |
ways to stop therapy/tx
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court order; wait for pt. to die; follow advanced directives; pt. refuses lif support, POA...
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| 19 |
Pre-op checklist
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void, blood counts sound, no makeup/nail polish, valuable locked.
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| 20 |
Circulating nurse
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maintains sterile field, provides needed equipment, counts of sponges/needles/instruments
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| 21 |
Scrub nurse
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assists surgeon
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| 22 |
OR assistant
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with the surgeon to learn and practice
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| 23 |
Anesthesiologist/ACP
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administers anesthesia, monitors cardiovascular status and vital signs.
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| 24 |
general anesthesia
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loss of sensations and consciousness, analgesia, elimination of somatic, autonomic, endocrine...
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| 25 |
Use for general anesthesia
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when good muscle relaxation is needed, pt cannot tolerate regional/local, or uncooperative
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| 26 |
Local anesthesia
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Loss of sensation w/o loss of consciousness
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| 27 |
Conscious sedation
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(twilight sleep) depressed LOC after IV valium and narcotic
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| 28 |
Regional anesthesia
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After peripheral nerve block or epidural.
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| 29 |
2 catastrophic events in OR
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anaphylactic rxn, malignant hyperthermia
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| 30 |
anaphylactic rxn:
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rxn to something admin. during sx: (blood products, antibiotics, anesthesia, LATEX)
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| 31 |
Presentation of anaphylactic rxn
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Cardiac/pulmonary complications (hypotension, tachycardia, bronchospasm, pulmonary edema)
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| 32 |
What is a fundamental defect of hypermetabolism in skeletal muscle? what does it release?
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Malignant hyperthermia; calcium/hypercalcemia
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| 33 |
Precipitator of malignant hyperthermia
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succinylcholine
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| 34 |
Treatment for malignant hyperthermia
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Dantrium: slows catabolism/muscle relaxant.
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| 35 |
PACU care
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vitals, blood loss assess, IV site inspetc/accuracy of drug/dose/rate, resp. rate/cardiac status,...
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| 36 |
post-anesthesia airway obstruction causes:
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tongue, laryngospasm, retained secretions, laryngeal edema (croup)
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| 37 |
Post-anesthesia hypoxemia signs, cause
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PaO2
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| 38 |
risks for aspiration in PACU
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obese, reflux, hiatal hernia: get H2 blockers!!
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| 39 |
Bronchspasm cause
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smooth muscle tone with closure of small airways
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| 40 |
symptoms of bronchospasm
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wheezing, dyspnea, accessory muscles, hypoxemia, tachycardia, assoc. w/ asthma/COPD
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| 41 |
1st priority of post-anesthesia care
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maintaining patent airway and respiratory status!!!
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| 42 |
post-op patient positioning
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lateral until conscious, supine w/ support under neck elevating head.
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| 43 |
when to notify md Post-Op
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bp160/120, narrowing PP, gradual drop in BP, irreg. HR, neuro change,
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| 44 |
Thin inner lining of the heart?
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Endocardium
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| 45 |
Middle muscular layer
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myocardium
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| 46 |
Epicardium
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Outer fibrous membrane
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| 47 |
2 layers of pericardial sac?
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visceral (inner) parietal (outer)
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| 48 |
Where does the Rt atrium receive blood from?
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Vena cava; coronary sinus
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| 49 |
Only vein with oxygenated blood?
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Pulmonary vein; returns blood to Lt atrium
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| 50 |
Only artery with deoxygenated blood?
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Pulmonary vein
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| 51 |
Which are the A/V valves?
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tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral)
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| 52 |
What are the semilunar valves?
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pulmonic, aortic
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| 53 |
When does blood flow?
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Diastole
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| 54 |
What is ischemia?
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Laock of oxygen, hypoxia, reversible.
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| 55 |
Is ischemia reversible?
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Yes!
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| 56 |
What results in ischemia?
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inadequate blood flow to meet the myocardial O2 needs
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| 57 |
What is action potential
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Na goes in, K flows out, causes depolarization
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| 58 |
When does contraction occur?
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when calcium flows into cardiac cells after depolarization
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| 59 |
What spreads impulse over ventricles?
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Bundle of His picks up impulse, spreads over with Purkinje fibers (dysfunction is ventricular...
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| 60 |
Cells return to former state
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Repolarization
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| 61 |
Absolute refractory period during which the cardiac muscle gradually recovers and is excitable...
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Systole!
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| 62 |
P wave
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depolarization of atrium
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| 63 |
measure of time for impulse to spread from SA node to ventricle
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PR interval
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| 64 |
Depolarization of ventricle
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QRS interval
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| 65 |
Tombstone; repolarization of the ventricles
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T wave
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| 66 |
If U wave is present...
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hypokalemia or repolarization abnormalities.
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| 67 |
Amount of blood pumped per minute
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CO (4.9L)
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| 68 |
if HR sustains over 120, what drops?
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SV, CO
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| 69 |
Preload
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Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (EDV) STRETCH
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| 70 |
Afterload
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Amount of force that LEFT ventricle must exert to eject blood. reflects VASCULAR RESISTANCE
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| 71 |
What raises/lowers afterload?
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Raise: hypertension/vasoconstriction
Lower: Hypotension
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| 72 |
How 'in shape' the muscle is
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contractility
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| 73 |
increasing preload, afterload, contractility increases what?
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workload of heart and need for oxygen.
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| 74 |
Starlings law
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the more the fibers are stretched, the greater their force of contractibility (to a point)
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| 75 |
What 2 things regulate cardiovascular system through the negative feedback loop?
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ANS; baroreceptors.
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| 76 |
What part of ANS increases HR
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Sympathetic (beta receptors)
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| 77 |
Part of ANS that decreases HR
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Parasympathetic (vagus nerve)
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| 78 |
Pressure receptors
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baroreceptors
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| 79 |
vasomotor center
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brainstem
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| 80 |
BP calculation
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CO x SVR (systemic vascular resistance)
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| 81 |
Pressure exerted against wall of arterial system
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blood pressure
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| 82 |
Tapping?
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spurt of blood into the constricted artery (systolic BP)
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| 83 |
What is decreased in the CV system in older people?
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response of heart to exercise, # of pacemaker cells, # of beta receptors (sympathetic), # of...
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| 84 |
Disease hx in cardio assessment
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Diabetes, HTN, scarlet fever, strep infections, anemia
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| 85 |
Asthma med that causes tachycardia
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Theophylline
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| 86 |
Adriamycine
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Antimicrobial that causes cardiomyopathy
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| 87 |
Thallium is picked up by...
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healthy myocardial cells
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| 88 |
Inflammatory marker
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CRP
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| 89 |
Normal CRP
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| 90 |
What % of MB bands are indicative of MI?
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>3%
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| 91 |
Rises w/i 6hrs, peaks in 18, normal in 2-3 days. Found in cardiac muscle and nerve cells
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CPK
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| 92 |
CPK normal female
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30-135 U/L
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| 93 |
CPK normal male
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55-170UL
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| 94 |
CPK can mean what from crush injury?
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Rhabdo
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| 95 |
Troponin 1 normal
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| 96 |
Rises 4-6hrs, peaks 10-24 hrs, returns to normal 4 days. High cardiac specific!!
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Troponin 1
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| 97 |
LDH1 indicative of MI...
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LDH1>LDH2
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| 98 |
Normal LDL
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| 99 |
Normal HDL men
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33-70
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| 100 |
Normal HDL women
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40-88
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| 101 |
Cath through vein: what side?
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RIGHT
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| 102 |
What is measured in Right sided cath?
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chamber pressures, pulmonary artery wedge pressures (PAWP)
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| 103 |
What sided cath measure oxygen content?
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LEFT
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| 104 |
Left cath is accessed through what?
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ARTERY to LV
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| 105 |
Angiography is what side?
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LEFT/ARTERY
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| 106 |
Awake or asleep for cardiac cath?
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AWAKE to cough/DB
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| 107 |
Post cath concerns
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bleeding, resp. status, extremities (pulse, warmth, color), cardiac arrythmias
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| 108 |
Blood vessel disorder in category of atherosclerosis
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Coronary Artery Disease
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| 109 |
Athere
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Fatty Mush
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| 110 |
Skleros
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Hard
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| 111 |
Leading cause of death from MI
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CAD
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| 112 |
Stages of CAD
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Early Stage; Fatty Streaks; Raised Fibrous plaque; Complicated lesions
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| 113 |
Silent stage of CAD
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Early stage
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| 114 |
Stage of CAD: appear by age 15, reversible!
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Fatty streaks
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| 115 |
Appears in coronary arteries by ages 30
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Raised fibrous plaque
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| 116 |
Caused by smoking, HTN, injury
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Raised fibrous plaque
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| 117 |
Raised fibrous plaque action:
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entrapped lipids become calcified, vessels become narrowed
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| 118 |
Most dangerous phase of CAD
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Complicated lesions
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| 119 |
what occurs in complicated lesion stage when walls stretch?
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Hemorrhage
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| 120 |
What happens in complicated lesions stage?
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layers of calcification, lipids, thrombus, dead/necrotic tissue--becomes hard, causing rigidity...
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| 121 |
Unmodifiable factors of CAD
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White, middle aged men (after 65 gender equalize); family HX, DM (altered lipid metabolism)
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| 122 |
How smoking affects CAD
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vasopresses, wipes out homeostasis mechanisms
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| 123 |
transient chest paint r/t myocardial ischemia
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Angine pectoris
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| 124 |
Chest pain in Angina pectoris
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Short in duration, relieved when precipitating factor is removed or medication admin.
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| 125 |
Angina may be due to?
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Atherosclerosis
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| 126 |
Angina patho
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Demand for O2 exceeds supply.
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| 127 |
precipitating factors of Angina
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physical exertion, emotions, extreme temps, heavy meals, sex, caffeine/stimulants, smoking
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| 128 |
Stable (classic) angina
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Fine until exertion, maintains pattern w/ onset, duration, intensity
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| 129 |
Unstable (progressive) angina
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Pain at Rest! meds don't work, precipitating factors relieved.
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| 130 |
What can unstable angina progress to?
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infarction!
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| 131 |
Coronary vasospasm
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Prinzmetal's Variant
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| 132 |
Angina seen often in hx of migrains, reynauds
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Prinzmetal's variant
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| 133 |
Angina that may occur in pt's w/o CAD
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Prinzmetal's
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| 134 |
Prinzmetal's variant may follow:
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period of high physical demand, epinephrine, histamine, prostaglandins
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| 135 |
Diabetics w/ angina
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May be silent/asymptomatic!
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| 136 |
Do men or women usually present atypically?
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Women
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| 137 |
Complications of Angina
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MI, arrhythmias
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| 138 |
5 diagnostic tests for angina
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Hx, lipid panel, treadmill, nuclear imaging (thallium scan), Angiography (Left-sided cath).
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| 139 |
Medication that decreases afterload
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Nitrates
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| 140 |
Nitrates dilate what?
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coronary arteries, peripheral vessels
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| 141 |
dosage for SL nitroglycerin
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take 3, 5mins apart (5-5-5 then 911)
pain relief in 3 mins, lasts for 45 mins
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| 142 |
Antiplatelet drug
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Aspirin!
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| 143 |
Negative chronotropes that slow conduction through AV node and HR, decreasing O2 need
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Beta Blockers
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| 144 |
Drugs that inhibit calcium influx, slow HR, decrease contractility, vasodilate
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Calcium channel blockers
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| 145 |
PTCA
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
under LOCAL, catheter w/ balloon through coronary...
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| 146 |
Atherectomy
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Catheter passed, shaved with little blade
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| 147 |
MONA
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morphine, oxygen, nitrate, aspirin
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| 148 |
Can be given prophylactically, must be fresh
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nitroglycerin
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| 149 |
Ischemic changes become irreversible and necrosis results
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MI
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| 150 |
Pre-hospital mortality of MI
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30-50%
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| 151 |
In hosp. mortality of MI
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5%
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| 152 |
How long can cardiac cells withstand ischemia?
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20mins
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| 153 |
Degree of altered function depends on what (mi)
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location and size of infarct
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| 154 |
After MI, how long is scar tissue still weak and vulnerable to stress?
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10-14 days
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| 155 |
When is scar tissue in heart said to be healed?
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6 weeks
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| 156 |
Clinical manifestations of MI
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Pain, N/V, sympathetic stim (diaphoresis, cool, clammy), Fever, Cardio stuff
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| 157 |
Cardio manifestations of MI
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initial pulse, bp increase, then drop from damage, crackles/wet sounds, drop in urinary output,...
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| 158 |
Complication of MI where pump is permanently failing
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CHF
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| 159 |
Loss of 40% of Left ventricle
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Cardiogenic shock
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| 160 |
Loud systolic murmur means
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Cardiogenic shock or Papillary muscle rupture
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| 161 |
Severe valvular regurgitation
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Papillary muscle rupture
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| 162 |
Inflammation of pericardium
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pericarditis
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| 163 |
New onset of chest pain 2-3days post MI
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Pericarditis
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| 164 |
Pain increases on ? in pericaditis
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Inspiration, cough, upper body movement
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| 165 |
Contraindications of thrombolytics
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>6 hrs since onset, recent sx, injury, CPR
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| 166 |
Reperfusion therapy combo
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Thrombolytics and PCI (balloon or stent) + heparin
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| 167 |
Smoking pack per year
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# packs per day x # of years smoking
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| 168 |
CABG
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Construction of new conduits for blood transport between aorta and other major arteries.
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| 169 |
Artery is stenotic if...?
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diameter is narrowed by more than 75-80%
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| 170 |
What vein is used for CABG?
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Saphenous (leg/thigh)
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| 171 |
Venous graphs tend to develop what?
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Hyperplasia
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| 172 |
Life expectancy of vein graph
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5-10yrs
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| 173 |
What drug therapy is use in CABG?
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ASA (aspirin)
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| 174 |
IMA
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Internal Mammary Artery: Left IMA is left attached at left subclavian artery, then attached...
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| 175 |
Patency rate of IMA
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85-95% @ 10yrs
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| 176 |
Repeat CABG uses what artery?
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Gastroepiploic or epigastric
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| 177 |
Repeated CABG requires?
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Laparotomy and open heart
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| 178 |
MIDCABG
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Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Graph
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| 179 |
Uses thoracotomy approach to mobilize LIMA or RIMA using calcium channel blockers or beta blockers
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MIDCABG
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| 180 |
Chest tubes inserted for this procedure
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MIDCABG
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| 181 |
Allows for surgery on still heart
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Cardiopulmonary bypass machine
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| 182 |
Machine receives blood from catheters in what?
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Vena cava or Right atrium
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| 183 |
complication of CABG: abnormal accumulation of blood or fluid in pericardial space
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Cardiac Tamponade
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| 184 |
Signs of cardiac tamponade
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Muffled heart sounds!!! JVD, SOB, chest tightness, edema/wt, gain,
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| 185 |
Cardiac Tamponade Tx:
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Pericardiocentesis
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| 186 |
Vagus nerve pressure from bowel movement causes?
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Bradycardia
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| 187 |
Is CHF a disease?
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NO--condition of cardiovascular states
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| 188 |
Left sided failure has what manifestations?
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Lung! (cough, crackles, wheezes, blood-tinged sputum, orthopnea)
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| 189 |
Common causes of Left-sided failure
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CAD, Cardiomyopathy, Rheumatic heart disease
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| 190 |
Common cause of Right sided failure
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LEFT SIDED!!
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| 191 |
Odd heart failure
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Cor Pulmonale
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| 192 |
Symptoms of cor pulmonale
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fatigue, incr. peripheral venous pressure, ascites, enlarged liver/spleen, JVD
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| 193 |
Complementary mechanism for CHF
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SNS (fight or flight)
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| 194 |
SNS decrease what and increases what in CHF
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Decrease SV, CA, Increase HR---worsens CHF!
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| 195 |
Does SNS dilate or constrict in CHF
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Dilates chambers of heart, making overstretched and elastic
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| 196 |
RAAS system in CHF
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Retains fluid, worsens buildup
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| 197 |
Increase in wall thickness caused by SNS
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Hypertrophy
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| 198 |
5 complications of CHF
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Pulmonary edema, Pleural effusion, Left ventricle thrombus, Hepatomegaly, Wt. Changes
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| 199 |
acute, life threatening condition, lung alveoli fill with fluid which increases lung pressures
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Pulmonary edema from Left sided CHF
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| 200 |
S&S of pulmonary edema
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Agitation, pale, cyanotic, severe dyspnea, wheezing/coughing/blood tinged sputum, rales/crackles
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| 201 |
Increased pressure in pleural cavities and fluid seeps into pleural space
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Pleural effusion (CHF comp.)
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| 202 |
CHF comp. caused by poor CO, stasis
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Left ventricle thrombus
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| 203 |
Rt. sided hrt failure, engorged liver
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Hepatomegaly
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| 204 |
Wt. gain in CHF caused by:
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fluid overload (RAAS)
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| 205 |
What does an ECHO show?
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Ejection fraction
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| 206 |
Released from ventricles in CHF, >100 indicative of CHF
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Beta Natiuretic peptide (BNP)
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| 207 |
Drug treatment of CHF
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Digoxin (increase contraction, decrease heartrate)
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| 208 |
What does the positive inotrope of digoxin do?
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Increase contraction
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| 209 |
Function of negative chronotrope in digoxin
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Decrease rate
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| 210 |
Signs of Digoxin toxicity
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anorexia, N/V, arrhythmia
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| 211 |
What should be checked before giving digoxin?
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Apical pulse for 1 minute (hold
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| 212 |
3 types of cardiac myopathy
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hypertrophic, restrictive, dilated
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| 213 |
CV disease resulting from primary dysfunction of the cardiac muscular or pulmonary disease
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Cardiac Myopathy
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| 214 |
End stage CAD is referred to as?
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ischemic cardiomyopathy
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| 215 |
Infection of the endocardial surface with microorganisms (strep infection moves to valves)
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Infective endocarditis
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| 216 |
When doe infective endocarditis occur?
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turbulence within the heart allows organisms to infect previously damaged valves or other endothelial...
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| 217 |
Inflammatory or valvular heart disease with non-specific clinical findings: looks like flu,...
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Infective endocarditis
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| 218 |
Tx of Infective endocarditis
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Antibiotics; prophylactic before surgery or dental procedures.
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| 219 |
Inflammation of pericardial sac
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Acute pericarditis
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| 220 |
Causes of acute pericarditis
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infectious, uremia, acute MI
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| 221 |
symptoms of acute pericarditis
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pleuritic chest pain, SOB, pericardial friction rub
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| 222 |
Results from rheumatic fever
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Mitral stenosis
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| 223 |
What is mitral stenosis?
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obstruction of flow out of left atrium
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| 224 |
S&S of mitral stenosis
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SOB, fatigue, palpitations, loud 1st hrt sound, low pitched diastolic murmur
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| 225 |
Mitral regurgitation
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backflow of blood to LA from ventricle
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| 226 |
caused by Leaf abnormality (2 instead of 3) or endocarditis
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Aortic regurgitation
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|
| 227 |
Mechanical valve:
|
pt on anticoagulant for life, most durable
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| 228 |
sources of biological prosthetic valve
|
Pig, Cow, Homograft (human)
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| 229 |
Systolic bp >140 or diastolic >90 for sustained period of time
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Hypertension
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|
| 230 |
Hypertension in adults >65 years
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Systolic >160, diastolic >95
|
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| 231 |
90% of hypertension, causes unknown
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Essential (primary)
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| 232 |
Causes of essential hypertension
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Incr. SNS stim, overprod. of Na retaining hormones & vasoconstrictors; Incr. Na intake, Inc....
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| 233 |
Evelated BP with identified cause
|
Secondary HTN (can often be corrected)
5% of HTN (80% kids)
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| 234 |
causes of secondary htn
|
coarctation (narrowing) of aorta; renal disease, endocrine (cushing, pheochromocytoma); oral...
|
|
| 235 |
Normal BP
|
|
|
| 236 |
Optimal BP
|
|
|
| 237 |
Prehypertension
|
|
|
| 238 |
Stage 1 HTN
|
|
|
| 239 |
Stage 2 HTN
|
>=170-179/>=100-109
|
|
| 240 |
Stage 3 HTN
|
>=180/>=110
|
|
| 241 |
Clinical manifestations of HTN
|
headache, fatigue, dizziness, blurred vision, epistaxis (nosebleed)--HR will normalize!
|
|
| 242 |
HTN complications
|
CAD, CHF, cerebral vascular disease, nephrosclerosis, retinal damage
|
|
| 243 |
Nephrosclerosis
|
gradual closure of intra-renal arterioles lead to glomerular destruction
|
|
| 244 |
bp measurement for HTN dx
|
BP measurements in both arms, 2 measurement, 5 minutes apart. 3 visits confirm dx
|
|
| 245 |
Labs for HTN dx
|
BUN, creatinine, urinalysis, electrolytes, glucose
|
|
| 246 |
HTN management
|
exercise, reduce stress, no smoking, medications in stepwise approach, nutrition
|
|
| 247 |
step 1 HTN management
|
non-pharm
|
|
| 248 |
Step 2 HTN manage
|
thiazide diuretic, beta blocker, calcium channel blocker, OR ace inhibitor
|
|
| 249 |
Step 3 HTN manage
|
Add 2nd drug of different class, increase 1st drug dose, or substitute
|
|
| 250 |
Step 4 HTN manage
|
Add 3rd drug or substitute
|
|
| 251 |
Step 5 HTN manage
|
further evaluate, refer, or add 3rd/4th drug
|
|
| 252 |
Nutrition for HTN
|
restrict calories, low fat, limit alcohol consumption, sodium restriction
|
|
| 253 |
Recommended sodium intake for HTN
|
2gm/day
|
|
| 254 |
Aoroilliac disease (Leriche's syndrome)
|
Slowly progressive atheroslerotic occlusion of terminal aorta and iliac vessels
|
|
| 255 |
Pain in hip, buttocks, thighs caused by exercise is a sign of?
|
Aortoiliac disease (Leriche's syndrome)
|
|
| 256 |
Intermittent claudication
|
development of pain in working muscles and not at rest
|
|
| 257 |
Tx for aortoiliac disease
|
surgery (aortofemoral graft)
|
|
| 258 |
signs of aortoiliac disease
|
Pain in hip/butt, intermittent claudication, pulses absent/diminished in lower extremities
|
|
| 259 |
Lower extremity Disease (PAD
|
Vascular D; peripheral chronic occlusive disease involves progressive narrowing and obstruction...
|
|
| 260 |
What vessels are affect in lower extremity disease?
|
femoral, popliteal, tibial, peritoneal
|
|
| 261 |
What age does PAD (lower extremity disease) occur?
|
60s or 80s
|
|
| 262 |
Leading cause of lower extremity disease??
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
| 263 |
Complications of PAD (lower extremity disease)
|
atropthy of skin/muscles, infection, necrosis, gangrene
|
|
| 264 |
2 ways to dx vascular disease
|
doppler ultrasound; duplex imaging (like arteriogram, ultrasound of vessels)
|
|
| 265 |
Most common disorder of veins
|
Thrombophlebitis!
|
|
| 266 |
Definition of thrombophlebitis
|
formation of a clot in association with inflammation of the vein
|
|
| 267 |
2 classifications of thrombophlebitis
|
Superficial or DVT
|
|
| 268 |
Virchows triad
|
1-venous stasis
2-damage to endothelium
3-hypercoagulability
|
|
| 269 |
Manifestation of superficial thrombophlebitis
|
Palpable, firm cordlike vein, tender, red, warm, possible fever and luekocytosis
|
|
| 270 |
Clinical manifestation of DVT
|
asymptomatic or unilateral leg edema, pain, warm skin, temp >38 C (100.4)
|
|
| 271 |
Homan's sign
|
pain on flexion of foot--unreliable
|
|
| 272 |
Complication of thrombophlebitis
|
Pulmonary emboli, chronic venous insufficiency
|
|
| 273 |
Tx of thrombophlebitis
|
Bedrest, elevation of extremity, warm/moist heat for pain, anticoagulation therapy, surgery...
|
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