Flashcard Set Preview
| Side A | Side B | ||
| 1 |
when 14CO2 is added to a suspension of
Chlorella, the first stable labeled
compound that...
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3- phosphoglycerate
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| 2 |
which of the following compounds is
produced by the oxidation of C-odd, but
not C-even...
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succinyl CoA
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| 3 |
what are the ketone bodies:
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B-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate
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| 4 |
a derivative of which vitamin is required for the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA?
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biotin
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| 5 |
which of the following is NOT a substrate for the formation of carbamoyl phosphate in the mitochondrion?...
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glutamine
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| 6 |
which of the following is NOT involved in the methionine cycle in animal cells? S-adenosyl...
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cysteine
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| 7 |
which of the following does NOT directly furnish atoms in the synthesis of purine nucleotides?...
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glutamate
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| 8 |
formation of one peptide bond form an amino acid and an uncharged t-RNA requires the expenditure...
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4
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| 9 |
characteristics of most tRNA's:
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contain unusual bases, have regions of Watson-Crick base pairing, assume an L-shape in three...
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| 10 |
the promotoer region in the lac operon of E.coli has what function?
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binds RNA polymerase
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| 11 |
Shine-Dalgarno sequences have which function in prokaryotes?
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establish which AUG will serve as the initiation codon
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| 12 |
post-translational processing of proteins in eukaryotes may typically involve:
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covalent addition of carbohydrate to some amino acid residues, commitment of the nascent protein...
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| 13 |
in elongation of a growing polypeptide chain, an incoming amino acid tRNA:
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recognizes a complementary region on mRNA
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| 14 |
explain biotin
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involved in carboxylation reactions, required for carbon dioxide fixation
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| 15 |
explain thiamine pyrophosphate
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enzyme that catalyzes transketolase to transfer a ketol group to an acceptor aldose and transaldose...
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| 16 |
explain pyridoxal phosphate
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cofactor involved in aminotransferase reactions
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| 17 |
explain phosphorylase phosphatase
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phosphorylated by protein kinase A and then phosphorylates phosphorylase which becomes more...
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| 18 |
explain cap sequence
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forms a complex with cAMP, that complex then facilitates the bindin of RNA polymerase to the...
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| 19 |
give two advantages of triacylglycerols vs. carbohydrates as an energy storage form:
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fatty acids are more reduced than carbs, and fatty acids do not hydrogen-bond to water significantly...
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| 20 |
when stored energy is mobilized, what are the principal products released to the circulatory...
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palmitate and glycerol
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| 21 |
if the principal breakdown products released by the adipocyte travel to the liver and are oxidized...
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7 FADH2 x 2.5 = 17.5, 7 NAHD x 1.5= 10.5, 8 AcCoA x 10 = 80, activation= -2. Total is 106 ATP
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| 22 |
which breakdown products from triacylglycerols require the shuttle system for oxidation?
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the shuttle system matters in the oxidation of glycerol but not palmitates because B-oxidation...
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| 23 |
give the role of the repressor protein in the lactose operon of E.coli:
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binds to operator ("o") gene preventing transcription
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| 24 |
give the role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in gluconeogenesis:
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inhibits gluconeogenesis by inhibiting fructose bisphosphatase
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| 25 |
when 15N-labeled ammonia is added to a suspension of liver cells, some aspartate labeled in...
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ammonia reacts with aplha-KG to form Glu and an enzyme. Glu then reacts with OAA to give aspartate...
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| 26 |
phenylpyruvate may be converted into an amino acid found in proteins in an aminotransferase-catalyzed...
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phenylalanine (Phe)
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| 27 |
mechanism for the aminotransferase-catalyzed reaction of phenylpyruvate to phenylalanine
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Glu --> Enz-pyr-CHO --> Phe, alpha-KG --> Enz-pyr-CH2NH2 --> phenylpyruvate
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| 28 |
a cell-free system capable of synthesizing palmitic acid (16:0) form acetyl CoA. give location...
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carbons 2,4,6,8, 10, 12, 14, 16
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| 29 |
a cell-free system capable of synthesizing palmitic acid (16:0) form acetyl CoA. give location...
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carbon 16 only
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| 30 |
a cell-free system capable of synthesizing palmitic acid (16:0) form acetyl CoA. give location...
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none because carbon lost in fatty acid biosynthesis
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| 31 |
explain why the dark reactions of photosynthesis require a source of reducing power:
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because dark reactions occur constantly, carbon dioxide is reduced to the oxidation level of...
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| 32 |
what is the nature of reducing power in dark reactions and what process supplies it?
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NADPH + H+, photosystem I
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| 33 |
assumptions made in the derivation of the Michaselis-Menten equation:
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rate of formation of ES is balanced by the rate of its destruction, the k2 step can be ignored,...
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| 34 |
define Km
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the substrate concentration giving half-maximal velocity
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| 35 |
DIFP inactivates trypsin, chymotrypsin, acetylcholinesterase, and many other enzymes. what...
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it forms a covalent bond with the -OH group of Ser
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| 36 |
in hemoglobin, each polypeptide chain is associated with:
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one porphyrin ring
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| 37 |
there are a total of ___ Fe2+ atoms in deoxyhemoglobin
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four
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| 38 |
in hemoglobin, one ____ can bind in a central cavity
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BPG
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| 39 |
x-ray structure of myoglobin:
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several regions of alpha helix, regions between helices frequently contain Pro or Beta turns,...
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| 40 |
NAD+ transfers one hydrogen as a hydride ion and the other as a proton, whereas FAD :
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accepts two hydrogens as free radicals
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| 41 |
both NAD+ and FAD are derived from:
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water-soluble vitamins
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| 42 |
FAD is a ____ oxidant than is NAD+
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stronger
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| 43 |
NAD+ contains the ____ whereas FAD does not
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pyridine ring
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| 44 |
reoxidation of the reduced form of NAD+ yields ____ ATP than the reoxidation of the reduced...
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more
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| 45 |
allosteric enzyme of glycolysis:
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hexokinase
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| 46 |
at higher concentrations of 5'-AMP, the rate of glycolysis would be expected to be ____ than...
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greater
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| 47 |
a lipoprotein with a higher ratio of protein to lipid would be expected to have a density ___...
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greater
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| 48 |
what is the function of TPP in the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction?
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decarboxylation
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| 49 |
what is the function of Lipoic acid in the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction?
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acyl transfer and oxidation
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| 50 |
what is the function of FAD in the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction?
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oxidation
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| 51 |
derivatives of which water-soluble vitamins are required for the conversion of pyruvate to...
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thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid
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| 52 |
per turn of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, how many FAD are produced?
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0, because FADH2 is produced NOT FAD
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| 53 |
per turn of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, how many GTP are produced?
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1
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| 54 |
how many protons are transported out of the mitochondrion when an electron pair passes from...
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10
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| 55 |
when glyceraldehyde is combusted to carbon dioxide and water in a typical liver cell, what...
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15
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| 56 |
what is cyanide's effect on electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation?
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inhibitor of cyt c oxidase
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| 57 |
what is the expected result when dinitrophenol is added to isolated mitochondria?
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electron transport would occur, but oxidative phosphorylation would not
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| 58 |
intermediates of the glycolytic pathway:
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glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, pyruvate, fructose 6-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate
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| 59 |
all the intermediates of the glycolytic pathway between glucose and pyruvate are phosphorylated....
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1) phosphorylated compounds are membrane-impermeable thus confining the intermediates of glycolysis...
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| 60 |
cite an important difference between the heme of myoglobin and that of cytochrome c:
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the iron of cytochrome c is alternately present as Fe3+ and Fe2+, depending on whether the...
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| 61 |
when glucose labeled with 14C in carbon atom 6 is added to a liver cell preparation, what carbon...
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the methyl carbon of pyruvate because that carbon corresponds to the carbon atom 6 in glucose
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| 62 |
write a balanced equation for the conversion of galactose to lactid acid in a typical cell:
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galactose + 2ATP + 2PI = 2 lactic acid + 2ADP + 2H2O
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| 63 |
for oxygen-dissociation curves for hemoglobin, the bottom curve is for:
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pCO2, low pH, BPG, tissue, HbA
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| 64 |
for oxygen-dissociation curves for hemoglobin, the top curve is for:
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pO2, high pH, lungs, HbF
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| 65 |
an enzyme is found to catalyze the reaction A+B=P+Q. when transient-phase kinetics are studied,...
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A + E = ER + P / ER + B = Q + E / ER is a modified form of the enzyme covalently attached to...
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| 66 |
what type of reaction is A + E = ER + P and ER + B = Q + E?
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ping-pong (also called double-displacement)
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| 67 |
explain how hemoglobin is indirectly responsible for the transport of carbon dioxide from the...
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tissues generate CO2 which combines with water to make H2CO3. H2CO3 dissociates to give H+...
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| 68 |
what reactions in tissues are primarily responsible for carbon dioxide production?
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pyruvate dehydrogenase and the 2 decarboxylation steps of the TCA cycle, that involving isocitrate...
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| 69 |
what is the function of lysosomes?
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hydrolysis of macromolecules
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| 70 |
what is the function of mitochondrion?
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major site for ATP production
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| 71 |
what is the function of the Golgi?
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attachment of carbohydrates to protein
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| 72 |
what is the function of the nucleolus?
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site of rRNA synthesis
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| 73 |
what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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synthesis of protein for export
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| 74 |
a solution with a pH of 1 would have a hydrogen ion concentration of:
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0.1 M
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| 75 |
a solution with a pH of 3 would have a hydrogen ion concentration of:
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0.001 M
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| 76 |
the absolute value of the standard free energy of hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine and phosphate...
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less than
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| 77 |
into which functional category should asparagine be placed?
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polar, uncharged
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| 78 |
into which functional category should valine be placed?
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hydrophobic, nonpolar
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| 79 |
tertiary structure of a globular protein is primarily maintained by:
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hydrophobic interactions
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| 80 |
which of the following amino acid residues would be most likely to be found on the exterior...
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N, because it is polar...polar amino acids found on exterior of globular protein
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| 81 |
oleic acid would be expected to have a melting point ____ than the melting point of stearic...
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less
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| 82 |
phospholipids diffuse ____ within a layer, but rarely flip-flop
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laterally
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| 83 |
the phospholipid composition of each of the two bilayers is ____.
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different
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| 84 |
transmembrane proteins are frequently decorated with ____ on the exterior side
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carbohydrates
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| 85 |
phospholipids are oriented in the membrane in a _____ fashion.
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tail-to-tail
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| 86 |
the helical region of a transmembrane protein contains primarily _____ amino acid residues
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hydrophobic
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| 87 |
what do sucrose, maltose, and lactose have in common?
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all contain glucosyl residues
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| 88 |
which of the following cellular components is typically present in bacteria, but absent from...
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cell walls
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| 89 |
DNA with a higher GC content would have a ___ melting point than DNA with a lower GC content
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higher
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| 90 |
both DNA and RNA have polynucleotide chains containing:
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3'-5' phosphodiester bonds
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| 91 |
base pairing of the Watson-Crick type occurs in:
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double-stranded DNA, tRNA, and rRNA
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| 92 |
in double stranded DNA the two strands are:
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anti-parallel
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| 93 |
the four major bases of RNA are:
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adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
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| 94 |
the four major bases of DNA are:
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adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
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| 95 |
which of the following types of non-covalent interactions is the strongest? hydrophobic, polar,...
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hydrophobic
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| 96 |
what is required if one clones a gene starting from mRNA, but is not required if one starts...
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reverse transcriptase
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| 97 |
a plasmid used in cloning, pBR322, contains a gene conferring tertracycline resistance and...
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they will grow on media containg tetracycline but not ampicillin
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| 98 |
briefly explain how one might distinguish experimentally between facilitated diffusion and...
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facilitated diffusion shows saturation when rate of transport is plotted as a function of concentration....
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| 99 |
name three amino acids that might be expected to be found in abundance in the membrane-spanning...
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Val, Leu, ILe
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| 100 |
what stabilizing effect does the residues of Val, Leu, and ILe have to membranes structure?
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sidechains of the hydrophobic residues form hydrophobic interactions with the tails fo the...
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| 101 |
define hydrogen bond
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a weka, polar interaction between a hydrogen and an element with an unpaired electron and another...
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| 102 |
define parallel Beta-pleated sheet structure
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a polypeptide chain that closes back on itself and has regular hydrogen bonds between polypeptide...
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| 103 |
define sucrose
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a dissacharide consisting of a fructose joined to a glucose by a Beta 1->2 glycoside linkage
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| 104 |
define phosphatidyl ethanolamine
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a phospholipid in the membrane that has a gylcerol backbone with two fatty acid residues and...
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| 105 |
define T4 ligase
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an enzyme that will make phosphodiester bonds between two pieces of duplex DNA with blunt ends
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